Paul Galland

Paul Galland (3 November 1919 — 31 October 1942) was a Luftwaffe ace and brother of Luftwaffe aces Adolf Galland and Wilhelm-Ferdinand Galland. He had claimed 17 aerial victories in 107 combat missions.[1] Flying with Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" on the Western Front, he was killed in combat with Royal Air Force Supermarine Spitfire fighters on 31 October 1942.

Paul Galland
Nickname(s)Paulinchen
Born3 November 1919
Died31 October 1942(1942-10-31) (aged 22)
Diksmuide-Comines
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1939–1942
RankLeutnant (second lieutenant)
UnitJG 26
Battles/wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsHonor Goblet of the Luftwaffe
RelationsAdolf Galland
Wilhelm-Ferdinand Galland

Early life and career

Galland was born on 3 November 1919.[2] The family with French Huguenot ancestry, had settled in Westerholt in 1792. Galland was the last of four sons of Adolf Galland (senior) and his French wife Anna, née Schipper. Upholding the family tradition, Galland (senior) worked as the land manager or bailiff to the Count von Westerholt.[3] Galland's three older brothers were Fritz, Adolf and Wilhelm-Ferdinand. Their father had pet names for all his family members. His wife Anna was called "Anita". Fritz was called "Toby", Adolf was "Keffer", Wilhelm-Ferdinand was nicknamed "Wutz" and Paul was called "Paulinchen" or since they were expecting a girl, occasionally "Paula". All four Galland brothers later served in the Luftwaffe.[4] Galland was trained as a fighter pilot at the Jagdfliegerschule 5 (JFS 5—5th Fighter Pilot School) in Wien-Schwechat where he befriended Walter Nowotny.[5][Note 1] At the JFS 5, his roommates were Nowotny, Walter Krupinski, and Peter Göring, a nephew of the Reichsmarschall (Empire Marshal) Hermann Göring.[7]

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. On 28 February 1941, Leutnant Galland was transferred from the Ergänzungsstaffel, a supplementary training unit, of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing) to 8. Staffel (8th squadron).[8][Note 2] 8. Staffel was a squadron of III. Gruppe (3rd group) which at the time was commanded by Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) Oberleutnant Gustav Sprick while III. Gruppe was headed by his brother Adolf. On 20 August, his brother was appointed Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of JG 26 and Hauptmann Gerhard Schöpfel, who had led 9. Staffel, succeeded him as Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of III. Gruppe.[9] Galland had joined 8. Staffel at a time when III. Gruppe was being reequipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 F series at Bonn-Hangelar. On 1 April, the Gruppe was sent to France, at first based at Saint-Brieuc airfield before on 1 June it was ordered to an airfield at Ligescourt, north of Abbeville.[10] Sprick was killed in action on 28 June, he was succeeded as commander of 8. Staffel by Oberleutnant Hans-Jürgen Westphal.[11]

Channel Front

On 6 July 1941, the Royal Air Force (RAF) flew "Circus" No. 35 and targeted Lille and the Fives-Lille engineering company. In defense of this attack, Galland claimed his first aerial victory over a Supermarine Spitfire fighter.[12] This aerial victory was not confirmed, and he was not given credit for this claim.[13] Westphal was wounded on 13 August and command of 8. Staffel passed on to Hauptmann Johann Schmid.[11] Galland was credited with his first aerial victory on 4 September 1941 when he shot down a Spitfire at 17:30. The RAF flew "Circus" No. 93 that day, targeting the Mazingarbe ammonia factory.[14] His third claim, which again remained unconfirmed, was filed on 17 September. "Circus" No. 95 and 96 targeted the Mazingrabe power station and the Shell Oil plant at Marquise with 24 Bristol Blenheim bombers and six Handley Page Hampden bombers. In this encounter, Galland had claimed a Spitfire from No. 306 Polish Fighter Squadron.[15] On 19 October, III. Gruppe moved to a makeshift airfield at Coquelles, close to Calais on the English Channel. There, they began preparations for operating the then new Focke Wulf Fw 190 A-1. The Gruppe was fully reequipped and operational with the Fw 190 in mid-November 1941.[16] On 6 November, Schmid was killed in action and Oberleutnant Karl Borris was chosen as his successor. A month later, his brother Adolf was appointed General der Jagdflieger (General of Fighters) on 5 December 1941. In consequence of Adolf's advance in command responsibility, Schöpfel succeeded him as Geschwaderkommodore of JG 26 and Hauptmann Josef Priller became the new Gruppenkommandeur of III. Gruppe.[17]

A Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter similar to those flown by Galland.

Galland claimed his second confirmed aerial victory during Operation Donnerkeil. The objective of this operation was to give the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen fighter protection in the breakout from Brest to Germany. The Channel Dash operation (11–13 February 1942) by the Kriegsmarine was codenamed Operation Cerberus by the Germans. In support of this, the Luftwaffe, formulated an air superiority plan dubbed Operation Donnerkeil for the protection of the three German capital ships. Sources vary with respect to the number of aerial victories Galland was credited with during this operation. According to Caldwell, Galland was credited with a single Fairey Swordfish biplane torpedo bomber from 825 Naval Air Squadron shot down at 13:45 on 12 February north of Gravelines.[18] While authors Matthews and Foreman list him with four Swordfish torpedo bombers shot down in the timeframe 13:45 to 13:50 in combat north of Gravelines.[2]

On 10 April, the RAF flew two "Rodeos", providing a diversion for a "Ramrod" short range bomber attack missions targeting Boulogne. JG 26 lost three aircraft, including two pilots killed in action, for six aerial victories claimed. Galland claimed a No. 313 Squadron Spitfire shot down at 17:43.[19] His next claim was filed on 24 April following combat in defense of "Circus" No. 132. That day, the RAF targeted oil installations at Vlissingen and Walcheren in the Netherlands. In this encounter, Galland shot down a Spitfire from No. 122 Squadron northwest of Ostend.[20] The next day, the RAF sent six Douglas A-20 Havoc "Boston" bombers on "Circus" No. 137 to Abbeville. At 16:40, Galland shot down a Spitfire protecting the bombers.[21] Galland claimed a No. 306 Polish Fighter Squadron Spitfire shot down at 17:57 on 26 April southeast of Calais. The RAF had sent "Circus" No. 138 to airfields in northern France.[22] On 1 May, RAF Fighter Command sent four "Rodeos" and one "Circus" to France. III. Gruppe, led by Priller, struck the Kenley Wing near Calais. At 19:32, Galland shot down a Spitfire from either No. 457, No. 485 or No. 602 Squadron.[23] Two days later, Galland claimed another unconfirmed aerial victory. In defense of two "Rodeos", one "Ramrods" and one "Circus" to northern France, Galland claimed a No. 174 or No. 303 Squadron Spitfire destroyed at 16:00 near Calais.[24]

Fighter Command planned three "Circuses" on 1 June. III. Gruppe was scrambled at 13:20 and directed to Ostend. Priller led the attack from above and out of the sun. Within quick succession, three Spitfires were shot down from No. 350 (Belgian) Squadron and one further from No. 71 Squadron, an Eagle Squadron. At 13:54 the German fighters were recalled. In this engagement, Galland was credited with one Spitfire destroyed at 13:46.[25] On 29 June, "Circus" No. 195 attacked Hazebrouck with 12 "Boston" bombers. Galland shot down one of the escorting Spitfires from No. 64 or the No. 350 (Belgian) Squadron at 16:55.[26] On 30 July, Galland claimed two unconfirmed aerial victories over Spitfires. That day, the RAF flew "Circus" No. 200, heading for the airfield at Abbeville/Drucat Airfield. The attack was supported by several "Ramrod" attacks on the airfield at Saint-Omer-Wizernes and escorted by the Hornchurch Wing.[27] During the Dieppe Raid on 19 August, on III. Gruppe's third patrol of the day, Galland and two other pilots took off from Wevelgem airfield at 12:21. At 12:30, the flight intercepted low flying Spitfires and North American P-51 Mustang fighters from the Biggin Hill Wing. In this encounter, Galland claimed a Spitfire shot down at 12:43 in the vicinity of Dieppe.[28] According to Caldwell, Galland claimed another unconfirmed Spitfire destroyed on 27 August. [29] This claim considered confirmed by the authors Matthews and Foreman; a Spitfire shot down at 15:06 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) east of Dover. The authors Matthews and Foreman credit Galland with two aerial victories on 29 August. A first Spitfire shot down at 11:47 15 km (9.3 mi) west of Cap Gris-Nez followed by a second Spitfire three minutes later 5 km (3.1 mi) west-northwest of Cap Gris-Nez.[30] These two claims are not listed by Caldwell.[31]

Death

On 31 October 1942, seventeen "Boston" bombers from No. 88 Squadron and No. 107 Squadron attacked the power stations in the vicinity of Lille (Rysel) and Béthune. Galland, with his wingman Oberfeldwebel Johann Edmann, shot down one of the Bostons. The "Boston" was Z2179 from No. 107 Squadron piloted by Pilot Officer Henry Collings on a mission to Pont-à-Vendin.[32][33]

Five hours later, Galland and Edmann participated on a fighter escort mission to a fighter-bomber raid on Canterbury.[34] At 18:15, intercepting Spitfires shot down Galland's Fw 190 A-4 (Werknummer 2402—factory number) approximately 20 km (12 mi) west of Calais.[35] Matthews and Foremann assume that the Spitfire responsible for his death was piloted by Flight Lieutenant Johannes Jacobus le Roux from No. 91 Squadron.[2] According to Isby, Galland was shot down by Flying Officer Jean Maridor also from No. 91 Squadron, the only pilot to have claimed a Fw 190 shot down that day.[1] In Caldwell's account, Galland had tried to aid Leutnant Artur Beese from 1. Staffel of JG 26, who had called for help over the radio. In the rescue attempt, Galland's Fw 190 stalled during a steep climb and was forced to dive away. At that instant, Galland was attacked from above by the Spitfire and was shot down. Edmann then attacked the Spitfire and shot it down.[36][37] Posthumously, Galland was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 7 December 1942.[38]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces: Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 17 aerial victory claims, plus five further unconfirmed claims, all of which were claimed on the Western Front.[39]

Awards

Notes
  1. Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[6]
  2. For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. This unconfirmed claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[40]
  4. This claim is not listed by Caldwell.[44]
  5. According to Caldwell, this claim is unconfirmed.[29]

References

Citations
  1. Isby2012, Chapter 9 — A Widening Air War: February 1941 – November 1942.
  2. Matthews & Foreman 2015, p. 366.
  3. Toliver & Constable 1999, p. 15.
  4. Toliver & Constable 1999, p. 13.
  5. Held 1998, p. 25.
  6. Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  7. Braatz 2010, p. 29.
  8. Caldwell 1996, p. 122.
  9. Prien et al. 2002, p. 332.
  10. Prien et al. 2002, p. 330.
  11. Prien et al. 2003, p. 544.
  12. Franks 2016, pp. 91, 94.
  13. Caldwell 1996, p. 147.
  14. Caldwell 1996, pp. 172–173.
  15. Caldwell 1996, pp. 175–176.
  16. Prien et al. 2003, pp. 541, 543.
  17. Prien et al. 2003, pp. 464, 544.
  18. Caldwell 1996, pp. 204–210.
  19. Caldwell 1996, pp. 223–224.
  20. Caldwell 1996, pp. 228–230.
  21. Caldwell 1996, pp. 230–231.
  22. Caldwell 1996, pp. 231, 236.
  23. Caldwell 1996, pp. 236–237.
  24. Caldwell 1996, pp. 237–238.
  25. Caldwell 1996, pp. 245–246.
  26. Caldwell 1996, pp. 255–256.
  27. Caldwell 1996, pp. 263–264.
  28. Caldwell 1996, pp. 274, 279.
  29. Caldwell 1996, p. 283.
  30. Matthews & Foreman 2015, p. 367.
  31. Caldwell 1996, p. 284.
  32. Bowman 2006, p. 118.
  33. Chorley 1998, p. 252.
  34. Bowman 2014, p. 179.
  35. Prien et al. 2004, p. 401.
  36. Caldwell 1996, p. 300.
  37. Caldwell 1991, pp. 129–130.
  38. Patzwall 2008, p. 82.
  39. Matthews & Foreman 2015, pp. 366–367.
  40. Prien et al. 2003, pp. 548–549.
  41. Prien et al. 2003, p. 549.
  42. Prien et al. 2004, p. 396.
  43. Prien et al. 2004, p. 397.
  44. Caldwell 1996, pp. 210, 284.
  45. Prien et al. 2004, p. 398.
  46. Eriksson 2017, Chapter 6—The Channel Front 1941–42.

Bibliography
  • Baker, David (1996). Adolf Galland: The Authorised Biography. London: Windrow & Green. ISBN 978-1-85915-017-7.
  • Bergström, Christer; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Bowman, Martin (2006). The Reich Intruders: RAF Light Bomber Raids in World War II. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-78340-965-5.
  • Bowman, Martin W.A. (2014). Daylight Bombing Operations 1939–1942. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-78383-177-7.
  • Braatz, Kurt (2010). Walter Krupinski - Jagdflieger, Geheimagent, General [Walter Krupinski - Fighter Pilot, Spy, General] (in German). Moosburg, Germany: NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9811615-5-7.
  • Caldwell, Donald L. (1991). JG 26: Top Guns of the Luftwaffe. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1050-1.
  • Caldwell, Donald L. (1996). The JG 26 War Diary: Volume One 1939–1942. London, UK: Grubstreet. ISBN 978-1-898697-52-7.
  • Chorley, W. R (1998). Royal Air Force Bomber Command Losses of the Second World War: Aircraft and crew losses: 1942. Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 978-0-9045-9789-9.
  • Eriksson, Patrick G. (2017). Alarmstart: The German Fighter Pilot's Experience in the Second World War: Northwestern Europe – from the Battle of Britain to the Battle of Germany. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-7123-9.
  • Franks, Norman (2016). Fighter Command's Air War 1941: RAF Circus Operations and Fighter Sweeps Against the Luftwaffe. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-47384-723-1.
  • Held, Werner (1998). Der Jagdflieger Walter Nowotny Bilder und Dokumente [The Fighter Pilot Walter Nowotny Images and Documents] (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-87943-979-9.
  • Isby, David (2012). The Decisive Duel: Spitfire vs Bf 109. Hachette. ISBN 978-0-7481-2361-2.
  • Matthews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/I—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/I—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-63-2.
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