Path (computing)

A path, the general form of the name of a file or directory, specifies a unique location in a file system. A path points to a file system location by following the directory tree hierarchy expressed in a string of characters in which path components, separated by a delimiting character, represent each directory. The delimiting character is most commonly the slash ("/"), the backslash character ("\"), or colon (":"), though some operating systems may use a different delimiter. Paths are used extensively in computer science to represent the directory/file relationships common in modern operating systems, and are essential in the construction of Uniform Resource Locators (URLs). Resources can be represented by either absolute or relative paths.

For the environment variable, see PATH (variable).

History

Multics first introduced a hierarchical file system with directories (separated by ">") in the mid-1960s.[1]

Around 1970, Unix introduced the slash character ("/") as its directory separator.

In 1981, the first version of Microsoft DOS was released. MS-DOS 1.0 did not support file directories. Also, a major portion of the utility commands packaged with MS-DOS 1.0 came from IBM and their command line syntax used the slash character as a 'switch' prefix. For example, dir /w runs the dir command with the wide list format option.

This use of slash can still be found in the command interface under Microsoft Windows. By contrast, Unix uses the dash ("-") character as a command line switch prefix.

When directory support was added to MS-DOS in version 2.0, "/" was kept as the switch prefix character for backwards compatibility. Microsoft chose the backslash character ("\") as a directory separator, which looks similar to the slash character, though more modern version of Windows are slash-agnostic, allowing mixage of both types of slashes in a path.[2]

Absolute and relative paths

An absolute or full path points to the same location in a file system, regardless of the current working directory. To do that, it must include the root directory.

By contrast, a relative path starts from some given working directory, avoiding the need to provide the full absolute path. A filename can be considered as a relative path based at the current working directory. If the working directory is not the file's parent directory, a file not found error will result if the file is addressed by its name.

Representations of paths by operating system and shell
Operating
system		 Shell Root
directory		 Directory
separator		 Current
directory		 Parent
directory		 Home
directory		 Examples
Unix-like OS
(incl. macOS)		 Unix shell / / . .. ~ /home/user/docs/Letter.txt
./inthisdir
../../greatgrandparent
~/.rcinfo
DOS COMMAND.COM [drive letter:]\ or
\\[server name]\[volume]\		 \ . .. C:\USER\DOCS\LETTER.TXT
A:PICTURE.JPG
\\SERVER01\USER\DOCS\LETTER.TXT
OS/2 cmd.exe [drive letter:]\ or
\\[server name]\[volume]\		 / or \ . .. C:\user\docs\Letter.txt
A:Picture.jpg
\\SERVER01\USER\docs\Letter.txt
Microsoft
Windows		 cmd.exe \ (relative to current working directory root)
or [drive_letter]:\
or \\[server]\[sharename]\
or \\?\[drive_spec]:\
or \\?\[server]\[sharename]\
or \\?\UNC\[server]\[sharename]\
or \\.\[physical_device]\
 / or \ . ..[3] C:\user\docs\Letter.txt
/user/docs/Letter.txt
C:\Letter.txt
\\Server01\user\docs\Letter.txt
\\?\UNC\Server01\user\docs\Letter.txt
\\?\C:\user\docs\Letter.txt
C:\user\docs\somefile.ext:alternate stream name
./inthisdir
../../greatgrandparent
Windows PowerShell [drive letter:]/ or [drive name:]\or
\\[server name]\ or

[PSSnapIn name]\[PSProvider name:][:PSDrive root]

 / or \ . .. ~ C:\user\docs\Letter.txt
C:\user/docs\Letter.txt
\\Server01\user\docs\Letter.txt
cd ~\Desktop

UserDocs:/Letter.txt
Variable:PSVersionTable
Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\
Microsoft.PowerShell.Security\Certificate::CurrentUser\

TOPS-20 DCL [device name:] . PS:<USER.DOCS>LETTER.TXT,4
RSX-11 MCR [device name:] DR0:[30,12]LETTER.TXT;4
OpenVMS DCL [device name:][000000] or

[NODE["accountname password"]]::[device name][000000]:

 . [] [-] SYS$LOGIN: SYS$SYSDEVICE:[USER.DOCS]PHOTO.JPG

[]IN_THIS_DIR.COM;
[-.-]GreatGrandParent.TXT
SYS$SYSDEVICE:[.DRAFTS]LETTER.TXT;4
GEIN::[000000]LETTER.TXT;4
SYS$LOGIN:LOGIN.COM

Classic
Mac OS		 [volume or drive name]: : : :: Macintosh HD:Documents:Letter
:fileincurrentdir
::fileinparent
:::fileingrandparent
ProDOS AppleSoft BASIC /[volume or drive name]/ / /SCHOOL.DISK/APPLEWORKS/MY.REPORT

FLIGHT.SIMULATOR,D2

AmigaOS Amiga CLI /
AmigaShell		 [drive, volume, device or assign name]: / ""
(empty string)		 / Workbench:Utilities/MultiView
DF0:S/Startup-Sequence
S:Startup-Sequence
TCP:en.wikipedia.com/80
RISC OS ShellCLI [fs type[#option]:][:drive number or disc name.]$

note: &, % and @ can also be used to reference the root
of the current user, the library and the current (working) directory respectively.

 . @ ^ & ADFS::MyDrive.$.Documents.Letter
Net#MainServer::DataDrive.$.Main.sy10823
LanMan::WindowsC.$.Pictures.Japan/gif
NFS:&.!Choices
ADFS:%.IfThere
@.inthisdir
^.^.greatgrandparent

When filesystems with filename extensions are mounted,
'.' characters are changed to '/', as in the Japan/gif example above.

Symbian OS File manager \ \ \user\docs\Letter.txt
Domain/OS Shell

// (root of domain)
/ (root of current node)

 / . \ ~ //node/home/user/docs/Letter.txt
./inthisdir
\\greatgrandparent
~rcinfo
MenuetOS CMD / /
Stratus VOS VOS command-line
interpreter		 %[system_name]#[module_name]> > < %sysname#module1>SubDir>AnotherDir
NonStop
Kernel		 TACL
Tandem Advanced
Command Language		 No root . no parent
directory		 \NODE.$DISK.SUBVOL.FILE
\NODE.$DEVICE
\NODE.$DEVICE.#SUBDEV.QUALIFIER
CP/M CCP [drive letter:] no directory support, just user areas 0–F A:LETTER.TXT
GS/OS :[volume name]: or .[device name]: or [prefix]:

note: prefix may be a number (0–31), * (boot volume) or @ (AppleShare home directory)

 : or / @ :Apps:Platinum.Paint:Platinum.Paint
*:System:Finder
.APPLEDISK3.5B/file

Japanese and Korean versions of Windows may often display the '¥' character or the '₩' character instead of the directory separator. In such cases the code for a backslash is being drawn as these characters. Very early versions of MS-DOS replaced the backslash with these glyphs on the display to make it possible to display them by programs that only understood 7-bit ASCII (other characters such as the square brackets were replaced as well, see ISO 646, Windows Codepage 932 (Japanese Shift JIS), and Codepage 949 (Korean)). Although even the first version of Windows supported the 8-bit ISO-8859-1 character set which has the Yen sign at U+00A5, and modern versions of Windows supports Unicode which has the Won sign at U+20A9, much software will continue to display backslashes found in ASCII files this way to preserve backwards compatibility.[4]

Mac OS X, as a derivative of UNIX, uses UNIX paths internally. However, to preserve compatibility for software and familiarity for users, many portions of the GUI switch "/" typed by the user to ":" internally, and switch them back when displaying filenames (a ":" entered by the user is also changed into "/" but the inverse translation does not happen).

Paths in programming languages

Programming languages also use paths. E.g.: When a file is opened. Most programming languages use the path representation of the underlying operating system:

 uxFile = fopen("project/readme.txt", "r")
 winFile = fopen("C:\\Program Files\\bin\\config.bat", "r")

This direct access to the operating system paths can hinder the portability of programs. To support portable programs Java uses File.separator to distinguish between / and \ separated paths. Seed7 has a different approach for the path representation. In Seed7 all paths use the Unix path convention, independent of the operating system. Under windows a mapping takes place (e.g.: The path /c/users is mapped to c:\users).

Universal Naming Convention

The Microsoft Windows UNC, short for Universal Naming Convention or Uniform Naming Convention, specifies a common syntax to describe the location of a network resource, such as a shared file, directory, or printer. The UNC syntax for Windows systems has the generic form:

\\ComputerName\SharedFolder\Resource

Microsoft often refers to this as a "network path".

Some Microsoft Windows interfaces also allow or require UNC syntax for WebDAV share access, rather than a URL. The UNC syntax is extended[5] with optional components to denote use of SSL and TCP/IP port number, a WebDAV URL of http[s]://HostName[:Port]/SharedFolder/Resource becomes

\\HostName[@SSL][@Port]\SharedFolder\Resource

When viewed remotely, the "SharedFolder" may have a name different from what a program on the server sees when opening "\SharedFolder". Instead, the SharedFolder name consists of an arbitrary name assigned to the folder when defining its "sharing".

Some Microsoft Windows interfaces also accept the "Long UNC":

\\?\UNC\ComputerName\SharedFolder\Resource

Microsoft Windows uses the following types of paths:

  • local file system (LFS), such as C:\File
  • universal naming convention (UNC), such as \\Server\Volume\File or /<internet resource name>[\Directory name] (at least in Windows 7 and later)
  • "long" device path such as \\?\C:\File or \\?\UNC\Server\Volume\File.[6] This path points to the local file namespace and \\.\ is a similar one that points to the local DOS device namespace. This format is also the "raw" or "uninterpreted" path, since it sends paths straight to the file system without converting / to \ and interpreting names like ...[7]
  • Windows NT object manager \\??\-prefixed paths (global DOS namespace).[8][9]

In versions of Windows prior to Windows XP, only the APIs that accept "long" device paths could accept more than 260 characters.

The shell in Windows XP and Windows Vista, explorer.exe, allows path names up to 248 characters long.

Since UNCs start with two backslashes, and the backslash is also used for string escaping and in regular expressions, this can result in extreme cases of leaning toothpick syndrome: an escaped string for a regular expression matching a UNC begins with 8 backslashes – \\\\\\\\ – because the string and regular expression both require escaping. This can be simplified by using raw strings, as in C#'s @"\\\\" or Python's r'\\\\', or regular expression literals, as in Perl's qr{\\\\}.

POSIX pathname definition

Most Unix-like systems use a similar syntax.[10] POSIX allows treating a path beginning with two slashes in an implementation-defined manner,[11] though in other cases systems must treat multiple slashes as single slashes.[12] Many applications on Unix-like systems (for example, scp, rcp and rsync) use resource definitions such as:

hostname:/directorypath/resource

or URI schemes with the service name (here 'smb'):

smb://hostname/directorypath/resource

Example

Unix style

The following worked example discusses the behavior of a Unix-style file system as it would appear from a terminal or terminal application (command-line window):

Attached to a current working directory (cwd) of:

/users/mark/

One wants to change the current working directory to:

/users/mark/bobapples

At that moment, the relative path for the desired directory can be represented as:

./bobapples

or for short:

bobapples

and the absolute path for the directory as:

/users/mark/bobapples

Given bobapples as the relative path for the directory wanted, the following may be typed at the command prompt to change the current working directory to bobapples:

cd bobapples

Two dots ("..") point upwards in the hierarchy, to indicate the parent directory; one dot (".") represents the current directory itself. Both can be components of a complex relative path (e.g., "../mark/./bobapples"), where "." alone or as the first component of such a relative path represents the working directory. (Using "./foo" to refer to a file "foo" in the current working directory can sometimes usefully distinguish it from a resource "foo" to be found in a default directory or by other means; for example, to view a specific version of a manual page instead of the one installed in the system.)

MS-DOS/Microsoft Windows style
Screenshot of a Windows command shell showing filenames in a directory

Contrary to popular belief, the Windows system API accepts slash, and thus all the above Unix examples should work. But many applications on Windows interpret a slash for other purposes or treat it as an invalid character, and thus require you to enter backslash – notably the cmd.exe shell (often called the "terminal" as it typically runs in a terminal window). Note that many other shells available for Windows, such as tcsh and Windows PowerShell, allow the slash.

In addition "\" does not indicate a single root, but instead the root of the "current disk". Indicating a file on a disk other than the current one requires prefixing a drive letter and colon. No ambiguity ensues, because colon is not a valid character in an MS-DOS filename, and thus one cannot have a file called "A:" in the current directory.

UNC names (any path starting with \\?\) do not support slashes.[13]

The following examples show MS-DOS/Windows-style paths, with backslashes used to match the most common syntax:

A:\Temp\File.txt

This path points to a file with the name File.txt, located in the directory Temp, which in turn is located in the root directory of the drive A:.

C:..\File.txt

This path refers to a file called File.txt located in the parent directory of the current directory on drive C:.

Folder\SubFolder\File.txt

This path denotes a file called File.txt located in SubFolder directory which in turn is located in Folder directory which is located in the current directory of the current drive (since this example gives no drive-specification).

File.txt

This rather simple path points to a file named File.txt located in the current directory (since the path lacks a directory-specification) on the current drive (since no drive specification is present).

\\.\COM1

This path refers to the first serial port (COM1).

C:\>more < C:/Windows/system.ini

; for 16-bit app support
[386Enh]
woafont=dosapp.fon
EGA80WOA.FON=EGA80WOA.FON
EGA40WOA.FON=EGA40WOA.FON
CGA80WOA.FON=CGA80WOA.FON
CGA40WOA.FON=CGA40WOA.FON
...

This example uses a path containing slashes as directory separator. The command redirects the content of the file to the more command.

E:\>dir "/Folder/SubFolder/" /Q
 Volume in drive E is Data
 Volume Serial Number is 07BE-0B10

 Directory of E:\Folder\SubFolder

18 October 2008 08:15 AM <DIR> DOMAIN\user .
18 October 2008 08:15 AM <DIR> DOMAIN\user ..
18 October 2008 08:15 AM <DIR> DOMAIN\user File.txt
               1 File(s)          8 bytes
               2 Dir(s)  19,063,000 bytes free

A path containing forward slashes often needs to be surrounded by double quotes to disambiguate it from command line switches.

  • note: CD does not work this way:

CD "[drive letter]:/Program Files" will only work from the root ([drive letter]:\) directory. This appears to treat all forward slashes the same as .\.

  • exception: Use the /D switch to change current drive in addition to changing current directory for a drive.

For example:

CD "C:.\Program Files"

works the same as

CD "C:/Program Files"

Also, from a root folder:

CD "C:.\Program Files.\Internet Explorer"

would be treated the same as

CD "C:/Program Files/Internet Explorer"

If there is no relative path to the directory name specified with forward slashes you will get the following error:

The system cannot find the path specified.

For setting environment variables, it is sometimes necessary to provide a path that does not contain spaces in it, for instance %JAVA_HOME% defined as "C:\Program Files\Java..." can cause scripts to halt when they encounter the space in the path name. To get the eight-character name Windows assigns to any directory for substitution in environment variables, use the directory listing command with the /x option one level up from the target directory. For instance, the following will get you the eight character name for all directories directly under root:

C:\>dir /x

See also

References

This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.

  1. Daley, R.C.; Neumann, P.G. (1965). "A general-purpose file system for secondary storage". AFIPS Proceedings of the joint computer conference. Part I: 213–229. doi:10.1145/1463891.1463915.
  2. https://www.howtogeek.com/181774/why-windows-uses-backslashes-and-everything-else-uses-forward-slashes/
  3. "cd". Windows Commands : Windows Server. Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  4. Sorting it all Out: When is a backslash not a backslash?
  5. "DavGetHTTPFromUNCPath function". WebDAV : Windows. Microsoft Docs. series. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  6. "File path formats on Windows systems". File and Stream I/O : .NET. Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  7. "Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces - Win32 apps". docs.microsoft.com.
  8. "winapi - Is there a difference between \??\ and \\?\ paths?". Stack Overflow.
  9. "Path prefixes \??\ and \\?\". Stack Overflow.
  10. UNC Definition by ComputerLanguage.com
  11. POSIX pathname resolution specification
  12. POSIX pathname definition
  13. "Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces". Local File Systems : Windows. Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
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