Oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase

In enzymology, an oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase (OXC) (EC 4.1.1.8) is an enzyme primarily produced by the gastrointestinal bacterium Oxalobacter formigenes that catalyzes the chemical reaction

oxalyl-CoA formyl-CoA + CO2
oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase
Identifiers
EC number4.1.1.8
CAS number9024-96-8
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO

OXC belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the carboxy-lyases (decarboxylases), which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is oxalyl-CoA carboxy-lyase (formyl-CoA-forming). Other names in common use include oxalyl coenzyme A decarboxylase, and oxalyl-CoA carboxy-lyase. This enzyme participates in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, thiamin diphosphate (TPP), and plays a key role in catabolism of oxalate, a highly toxic compound that is a product of the oxidation of carbohydrates in many bacteria and plants.[1] Oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase is extremely important for the elimination of ingested oxalates found in human foodstuffs like coffee, tea, and chocolate,[2] and the ingestion of such foods in the absence of Oxalobacter formigenes in the gut can result in kidney disease or even death as a result of oxalate poisoning.[3]

Evolution

Oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase is hypothesized to be evolutionarily related to acetolactate synthase, a TPP-dependent enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of branched chain amino acids in certain organisms.[4] Sequence alignments between the two enzymes support this claim, as do the presence of vestigial FAD-binding pockets that play no role in either enzyme’s catalytic activity.[5] The binding of FAD at this site in acetolactate synthase and the binding of ADP at a cognate site in OXC are thought to play roles in the stabilization of the tertiary structures of the proteins.[6] No FAD binding is observed in oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase,[7] but an excess of coenzyme A in the crystal structure has led to the hypothesis that the binding site was co-opted during OXC evolution to bind the CoA moiety of its substrate.[8]> Despite their similarities, only oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase is necessary for the formation of ATP in Oxalobacter formigenes, and exogenous ADP has been demonstrated to increase the decarboxylase activity of OXC, but not acetolactate synthase.[9][10]

Reaction mechanism
Simplified reaction mechanism of oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase. The unlabeled base is believed to be the 4'-imino group of TPP.

A key feature of the cofactor TPP is the relatively acidic proton bound to the carbon atom between the nitrogen and sulfur in the thiazole ring, which has a pKa near 10.[11] This carbon center ionizes to form a carbanion, which adds to the carbonyl group of oxalyl-CoA. This addition is followed by the decarboxylation of oxalyl-CoA, and then the oxidation and removal of formyl-CoA to regenerate the carbanion form of TPP. While the reaction mechanism is shared with other TPP-dependent enzymes, the residues found in the active site of OXC are unique, which has raised questions about whether TDP must be deprotonated by a basic amino acid at a second site away from the carbanion-forming site to activate the cofactor.[12]

Structure
Two colorizations of the dimeric substructure of the enzyme. Left side distinguishes the enzyme's secondary structures and right side distinguishes the two monomers. Derived from 2JI6

Oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase is tetrameric, and each monomer consists of three α/β-type domains.[13] The thiamine diphosphate-binding site rests on the subunit-subunit interface between two of the domains, which is commonly seen in its class of enzymes. Oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase is structurally homologous to acetolactate synthase found in plants and other microorganisms, but OXC binds ADP in a region that is similar to the FAD-binding site in acetolactate synthase.[14][15]

See also

References
  1. Baetz AL, Allison MJ (July 1990). "Purification and characterization of formyl-coenzyme A transferase from Oxalobacter formigenes". Journal of Bacteriology. 172 (7): 3537–40. doi:10.1128/jb.172.7.3537-3540.1990. PMC 213325. PMID 2361939.
  2. Gasińska A, Gajewska D (2007). "Tea and coffee as the main sources of oxalate in diets of patients with kidney oxalate stones". Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny. 58 (1): 61–7. PMID 17711092.
  3. Turroni S, Bendazzoli C, Dipalo SC, Candela M, Vitali B, Gotti R, Brigidi P (August 2010). "Oxalate-degrading activity in Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis: impact of acidic conditions on the transcriptional levels of the oxalyl coenzyme A (CoA) decarboxylase and formyl-CoA transferase genes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76 (16): 5609–20. doi:10.1128/AEM.00844-10. PMC 2918965. PMID 20601517.
  4. Dailey FE, Cronan JE (February 1986). "Acetohydroxy acid synthase I, a required enzyme for isoleucine and valine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K-12 during growth on acetate as the sole carbon source". Journal of Bacteriology. 165 (2): 453–60. doi:10.1128/jb.165.2.453-460.1986. PMC 214440. PMID 3511034.
  5. Chipman D, Barak Z, Schloss JV (June 1998). "Biosynthesis of 2-aceto-2-hydroxy acids: acetolactate synthases and acetohydroxyacid synthases". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology. 1385 (2): 401–19. doi:10.1016/S0167-4838(98)00083-1. PMID 9655946.
  6. Singh BK, Schmitt GK (November 1989). "Flavin adenine dinucleotide causes oligomerization of acetohydroxyacid synthase from Black Mexican Sweet corn cells". FEBS Letters. 258 (1): 113–5. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(89)81628-X. S2CID 84573564.
  7. Svedruzić D, Jónsson S, Toyota CG, Reinhardt LA, Ricagno S, Lindqvist Y, Richards NG (January 2005). "The enzymes of oxalate metabolism: unexpected structures and mechanisms". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 433 (1): 176–92. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2004.08.032. PMID 15581576.
  8. Berthold CL, Toyota CG, Moussatche P, Wood MD, Leeper F, Richards NG, Lindqvist Y (July 2007). "Crystallographic snapshots of oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase give insights into catalysis by nonoxidative ThDP-dependent decarboxylases". Structure. 15 (7): 853–61. doi:10.1016/j.str.2007.06.001. PMID 17637344.
  9. Maestri O, Joset F (August 2000). "Regulation by external pH and stationary growth phase of the acetolactate synthase from Synechocystis PCC6803". Molecular Microbiology. 37 (4): 828–38. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02048.x. PMID 10972805. S2CID 22509807.
  10. Whitlow KJ, Polglase WJ (January 1975). "Regulation of acetohydroxy acid synthase in streptomycin-dependent Escherichia coli". Journal of Bacteriology. 121 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1128/JB.121.1.9-12.1975. PMC 285606. PMID 46865.
  11. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry (6th ed.). NY: W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 479.
  12. Berthold CL, Moussatche P, Richards NG, Lindqvist Y (December 2005). "Structural basis for activation of the thiamin diphosphate-dependent enzyme oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase by adenosine diphosphate". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (50): 41645–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.M509921200. PMID 16216870.
  13. Werther T, Zimmer A, Wille G, Golbik R, Weiss MS, König S (June 2010). "New insights into structure-function relationships of oxalyl CoA decarboxylase from Escherichia coli". The FEBS Journal. 277 (12): 2628–40. doi:10.1111/j.1742-464X.2010.07673.x. PMID 20553497.
  14. Dugglebay RJ, Pang SS (2000). "Acetohydroxyacid Synthase". Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 33 (1).
  15. Azcarate-Peril MA, Bruno-Bárcena JM, Hassan HM, Klaenhammer TR (March 2006). "Transcriptional and functional analysis of oxalyl-coenzyme A (CoA) decarboxylase and formyl-CoA transferase genes from Lactobacillus acidophilus". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (3): 1891–9. doi:10.1128/AEM.72.3.1891-1899.2006. PMC 1393175. PMID 16517636.
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