Acetolactate synthase

The acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme (also known as acetohydroxy acid synthase, or AHAS) is a protein found in plants and micro-organisms. ALS catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine).[6]

acetolactate synthase
Crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana acetohydroxyacid synthase complexed with a sulfonylurea herbicide, metsulfuron-methyl.[1]
Identifiers
EC number2.2.1.6
CAS number9027-45-6
Alt. namespyruvate:pyruvate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating)
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO
ILVBL
Identifiers
AliasesILVBL, 209L8, AHAS, ILV2H, ilvB (bacterial acetolactate synthase)-like, HACL1L, ilvB acetolactate synthase like
External IDsOMIM: 605770 MGI: 1351911 HomoloGene: 68532 GeneCards: ILVBL
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 19 (human)[2]
Band19p13.12Start15,114,984 bp[2]
End15,125,786 bp[2]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

10994

216136

Ensembl

ENSG00000105135

ENSMUSG00000032763

UniProt

A1L0T0
E9PL44

Q8BU33

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_006844
NM_176826

NM_173751
NM_001359301
NM_001359302
NM_001359303

RefSeq (protein)

NP_006835

NP_776112
NP_001346230
NP_001346231
NP_001346232

Location (UCSC)Chr 19: 15.11 – 15.13 MbChr 10: 78.57 – 78.58 Mb
PubMed search[4][5]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

A human protein of yet unknown function, sharing some sequence similarity with bacterial ALS, is encoded by the ILVBL (ilvB-like) gene.[7]

Structure

Gene

Human ILVBL gene has 17 exons resides on chromosome 19 at q13.1.[8]

Protein

The catalytic peptide of ALS in mouse-eared cress is a chloroplastic protein consisting of 670 residues, the last 615 of which form the active form. Three main domains are found, with two thiamine pyrophosphate sandwiching a DHS-like NAD/FAD-binding domain.[9] In SCOP assignment, these subunits are named d1yhya1, d1yhya2, and d1yhya3 from the N-terminal to the C-termianl.[10]

The structure of acetolactate synthase that was used for the picture on this page was determined using X-ray diffraction at 2.70 angstroms. X-ray diffraction uses X-rays at specified wavelengths to produce patterns, as the X–ray is scattered in certain ways that give an idea to the structure of the molecule being analyzed.

There are five specific ligands that interact with this protein. The five are listed below.

Ligand Identifier Name Structure
P22 ETHYL DIHYDROGEN DIPHOSPHATE C2H8O7P2
NHE 2-[N-CYCLOHEXYLAMINO]ETHANE SULFONIC ACID C8H17NO3S
Mg Magnesium Ion Mg
FAD FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE C27H33N9O15P2
1SM METHYL 2-[({[(4,6-DIMETHYLPYRIMIDIN-2-YL)AMINO]CARBONYL}AMINO)SULFONYL]BENZOATE C15H16N4O5 S

The FAD bound is not catalytic.

Function

Acetolactate synthase is catalytic enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of various amino acids. This enzyme has the Enzyme Commission Code is 2.2.1.6, which means that the enzyme is a transketolase or a transaldolase, which is classified under the transferases that transfer aldehyde or ketone residues. In this case, acetolactase synthase is a transketolase, which moves back and forth, having both catabolic and anabolic forms. These act on a ketone (pyruvate) and can go back and forth in the metabolic chain. These are found in humans, animals, plants, and bacteria. In plants, they are located in the chloroplasts in order to help with the metabolic processes.[9] In baker's yeast, they are located in the mitochondria.[11] In several experiments, it has been shown that mutated strains of Escherichia coli K-12 without the enzyme were not able to grow in the presence of only acetate or oleate as the only carbon sources.[12]

A catabolic version that does not bind FAD (InterPro: IPR012782) is found in some bacteria.

Catalytic activity

Acetolactate synthesis, also known as acetohydroxy acid synthase, is an enzyme specifically involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate:

2 CH3COCO2− → −O2CC(OH)(CH3)COCH3 + CO2

The reaction uses thiamine pyrophosphate in order to link the two pyruvate molecules. The resulting product of this reaction, acetolactate, eventually becomes valine, leucine, and isoleucine. All three of these amino acids are essential amino acids and cannot be synthesized by humans. This also leads to the systemic name pyruvate:pyruvate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating). This enzyme is the first of several enzymes in the biosynthesis cycle for leucine and valine, taking the initial pyruvate molecules and starting the conversion from pyruvic acid to the amino acids. The specific residue that is responsible for this is a glycine at position 511 in the protein. This is the one that requires a cofactor of TPP for its function.

Four specific residues are responsible for catalytic activity in this enzyme. They are listed here with cofactors required written after.

Residue Position Cofactors
Valine 485 HE3
Methionine 513 HE3
Histidine 643 -
Glycine 511 TPP

The primary sequence of this protein in Mouse-ear cress is listed below. Residues involved in catalytic activity are bolded. Mutagenesis of Asp428, which is crucial carboxylate ligand to Mg(2+) in the "ThDP motif", leads to a decrease in the affinity of AHAS II for Mg(2+). While mutant D428N shows ThDP affinity close to that of the wild-type on saturation with Mg(2+), D428E has a decreased affinity for ThDP. These mutations also lead to dependence of the enzyme on K(+).[13]

Primary sequence.[14] Catalytic residues are bold
>sp

Because of inhibition and several factors it is a slow procedure.

Regulation

In the mouse-eared cress, two chains of catalytic ALS (InterPro: IPR012846) is complexed with two regulatory small subunits (InterPro: IPR004789), VAT1 and At2g31810.[15][16] Such an arrangement is widespread in both bacterial and eukaryotic ALS. The hetromeric structure was demonstrated in E. coli in 1984 and in eukaryotes (S. cerevisiae and Porphyra purpurea) in 1997.[17] Most of the regulatory proteins have an ACT domain (InterPro: IPR002912) and some of them have a NiKR-like C-terminal (InterPro: IPR027271).

In bacteria (E. coli)), Acetolactate synthase consists of three pairs of isoforms. Each pair includes a large subunit, which is thought to be responsible for catalysis, and a small subunit for feedback inhibition. Each subunit pair, or ALS I, II, and III respectively, is located on its own operon, ilvBN, ilvGM and ilvIH (where ilvN regulated ilvB, and vice versa). Together, these operons code for several enzymes involved in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis. Regulation is different for each operon.[18]

See also: Branched-chain amino acid § Synthesis

The ilvGMEDA operon encodes the ilvGM (ALS II) pair as well as a branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase (ilvE), dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (ilvD), and threonine ammonia-lyase (ilvA). It is regulated by feedback inhibition in the form of transcriptional attenuation. That is, transcription is reduced in the presence of the pathway's end-products, the branched-chain amino acids.

The ilvBNC operon encodes the ilvBN (ALS I) pair and a ketol-acid reductoisomerase (ilvC). It is similarly regulated, but is specific to isoleucine and leucine; valine does not affect it directly.

Both the ilvGMEDA and ilvBNC operons are derepressed during shortages of the branched-chain amino acids by the same mechanism that represses them. Both of these operons as well as the third, ilvIH, are regulated by leucine-responsive protein (Lrp). [19]

Inhibitors

Inhibitors of ALS are used as herbicides that slowly starve affected plants of these amino acids, which eventually leads to inhibition of DNA synthesis. They affect grasses and dicots alike. The ALS inhibitor family includes sulfonylureas (SUs), imidazolinones, triazolopyrimidines, pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates, and sulfonylamino carbonyl triazolinones.[20]

Clinical significance

CADASIL, an identified autosomal dominant condition characterized by the recurrence of subcortical infarcts leading to dementia, was previously mapped to “ILVBL” gene within a 2-cM interval, D19S226–D19S199. No recombination event was observed with D19S841, a highly polymorphic microsatellite marker isolated from a cosmid mapped to this region. No mutation was detected on this gene in CADASIL patients, suggesting that it is not implicated in this disorder.[7]

Interactions

In the study of Escherichia coli, the FAD binding domain of ilvB has been shown to interact with ilvN and activate the AHAS I enzyme.[21]

References
  1. PDB: 1YHY​; McCourt JA, Pang SS, King-Scott J, Guddat LW, Duggleby RG (January 2006). "Herbicide-binding sites revealed in the structure of plant acetohydroxyacid synthase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (3): 569–73. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..569M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508701103. PMC 1334660. PMID 16407096.
  2. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000105135 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032763 - Ensembl, May 2017
  4. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  6. Chipman D, Barak Z, Schloss JV (June 1998). "Biosynthesis of 2-aceto-2-hydroxy acids: acetolactate synthases and acetohydroxyacid synthases". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology. 1385 (2): 401–19. doi:10.1016/S0167-4838(98)00083-1. PMID 9655946.
  7. Joutel A, Ducros A, Alamowitch S, Cruaud C, Domenga V, Maréchal E, Vahedi K, Chabriat H, Bousser MG, Tournier-Lasserve E (December 1996). "A human homolog of bacterial acetolactate synthase genes maps within the CADASIL critical region". Genomics. 38 (2): 192–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0615. PMID 8954801.
  8. "Entrez Gene:ILVBL ilvB (bacterial acetolactate synthase)-like".
  9. "Acetolactate synthase, chloroplastic (P17597) < InterPro < EMBL-EBI".
  10. "SCOPe 2.07: Structural Classification of Proteins — extended".
  11. "ILV2 - Acetolactate synthase catalytic subunit, mitochondrial precursor - Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) (Baker's yeast) - ILV2 gene & protein". www.uniprot.org.
  12. Dailey FE, Cronan JE (February 1986). "Acetohydroxy acid synthase I, a required enzyme for isoleucine and valine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K-12 during growth on acetate as the sole carbon source". Journal of Bacteriology. 165 (2): 453–60. doi:10.1128/jb.165.2.453-460.1986. PMC 214440. PMID 3511034.
  13. Bar-Ilan A, Balan V, Tittmann K, Golbik R, Vyazmensky M, Hübner G, Barak Z, Chipman DM. Binding and activation of thiamin diphosphate in acetohydroxyacid synthase. Biochemistry. 2001 Oct 2;40(39):11946-54
  14. "ALS - Acetolactate synthase, chloroplastic precursor - Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) - ALS gene & protein". www.uniprot.org.
  15. Chen H, Saksa K, Zhao F, Qiu J, Xiong L (August 2010). "Genetic analysis of pathway regulation for enhancing branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in plants". The Plant Journal. 63 (4): 573–83. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04261.x. PMID 20497381.
  16. Lee YT, Duggleby RG (June 2001). "Identification of the regulatory subunit of Arabidopsis thaliana acetohydroxyacid synthase and reconstitution with its catalytic subunit". Biochemistry. 40 (23): 6836–44. doi:10.1021/bi002775q. PMID 11389597.
  17. Duggleby RG (May 1997). "Identification of an acetolactate synthase small subunit gene in two eukaryotes". Gene. 190 (2): 245–9. doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00002-4. PMID 9197540.
  18. Valle J, Da Re S, Schmid S, Skurnik D, D'Ari R, Ghigo JM (January 2008). "The amino acid valine is secreted in continuous-flow bacterial biofilms". Journal of Bacteriology. 190 (1): 264–74. doi:10.1128/JB.01405-07. PMC 2223729. PMID 17981982.
  19. Calvo, J M; Matthews, R G (1994). "The leucine-responsive regulatory protein, a global regulator of metabolism in Escherichia coli". Microbiological Reviews. 58 (3): 466–490. doi:10.1128/mmbr.58.3.466-490.1994. ISSN 0146-0749.
  20. Zhou Q, Liu W, Zhang Y, Liu KK (Oct 2007). "Action mechanisms of acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides". Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 89 (2): 89–96. doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2007.04.004.
  21. Mitra A, Sarma SP (February 2008). "Escherichia coli ilvN interacts with the FAD binding domain of ilvB and activates the AHAS I enzyme". Biochemistry. 47 (6): 1518–31. doi:10.1021/bi701893b. PMID 18193896.
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