Oriolus

Orioles are colourful Old World passerine birds in the genus Oriolus, the namesake of the corvoidean family Oriolidae. They are not related to the New World orioles, which are icterids (family Icteridae) that belong to the superfamily Passeroidea.

Orioles
Black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Oriolidae
Genus:	Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766
Type species
Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, 1758
Diversity
29 species
Synonyms
Analcipus Broderipus Mimeta Psaropholus Xanthonotus

Taxonomy and systematics

The genus Oriolus was erected by Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae.[1] The type species is the golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus).[2] In 1760 the French ornithologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in his Ornithologie used Oriolus as a subdivision of the genus Turdus,[3] but the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in 1955 that "Oriolus Brisson, 1760" should be suppressed.[4] Linnaeus added more than a dozen additional genera when he updated his 10th edition but he generally based new genera on those that had been introduced by Brisson in his Ornithologie. Oriolus is now the only genus for which Linnaeus's 12th edition is cited as the original publication.[5][6] The name is derived from the old French word oriol which is echoic in origin, derived from the call of the bird[7] but others have suggested origins in classical Latin "aureolus" meaning golden. Various forms of "oriole" have existed in Romance languages since the 12th and 13th centuries.[8]

Extant species

szalayi       melanotis     flavocinctus       sagitattus     phaeochromus       bouroensis     forsteni                     chlorocephalus     brachyrhynchus       xanthornus                 nigripennis     percivali       larvatus       monacha             diffusus         oriolus     kundoo         chinensis (part)     melanisticus           maculatus       auratus             hosii     cruentus         mellianus     trailli               xanthonotus       steerei       albiloris     isabellae

Relatedness of species within the genus. Two forms that have not been included in the sequencing and analysis are crassirostris which is expected to be close to brachyrhynchus and tenuirostris which is expected to be close to diffusus[9]

The genus contains twenty-nine species:[6]

Image	Common Name	Scientific name	Distribution
	Brown oriole	Oriolus szalayi	New Guinea.
	Dusky-brown oriole	Oriolus phaeochromus	North Maluku.
	Grey-collared oriole	Oriolus forsteni	Seram.
	Black-eared oriole	Oriolus bouroensis	Buru island.
	Tanimbar oriole	Oriolus decipiens	Tanimbar Islands.
	Olive-brown oriole	Oriolus melanotis	Lesser Sundas.
	Olive-backed oriole	Oriolus sagittatus	eastern Australia and south-central New Guinea.
	Green oriole	Oriolus flavocinctus	Australia and New Guinea.
	Dark-throated oriole	Oriolus xanthonotus	Southeast Asia through Borneo and the Philippines.
	Philippine oriole	Oriolus steerii	Philippines.
	White-lored oriole	Oriolus albiloris	Luzon island (Philippines).
	Isabela oriole	Oriolus isabellae	Luzon in the Philippines
	Eurasian golden oriole	Oriolus oriolus	Europe and western Asia and spends the winter season in central and southern Africa.
	Indian golden oriole	Oriolus kundoo	Indian subcontinent and Central Asia.
	African golden oriole	Oriolus auratus	Africa south of the Sahara desert.
	Slender-billed oriole	Oriolus tenuirostris	eastern Himalayas to Southeast Asia.
	Black-naped oriole	Oriolus chinensis	eastern Siberia, Ussuriland, northeastern China, Korea and northern Vietnam
	Green-headed oriole	Oriolus chlorocephalus	eastern Africa.
	São Tomé oriole	Oriolus crassirostris	island of São Tomé.
	Western oriole	Oriolus brachyrynchus	Africa.
	Ethiopian oriole	Oriolus monacha	north-eastern Africa
	Mountain oriole	Oriolus percivali	Democratic Republic of Congo to central Kenya and western Tanzania.
	Black-headed oriole	Oriolus larvatus	Africa
	Black-winged oriole	Oriolus nigripennis	Sierra Leone and Liberia to southern South Sudan, western Uganda, central Democratic Republic of Congo and north-western Angola.
	Black-hooded oriole	Oriolus xanthornus	tropical southern Asia from India and Sri Lanka east to Indonesia.
	Black oriole	Oriolus hosii	Sarawak in Borneo
	Black-and-crimson oriole	Oriolus cruentus	Indonesia and Malaysia
	Maroon oriole	Oriolus traillii	Southeast Asia.
	Silver oriole	Oriolus mellianus	southern China and winters in mainland Southeast Asia.

Former species

Formerly, some authorities also considered the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus Oriolus:

• Green figbird (as Oriolus viridis)[10]
• Brown-eared bulbul (squamiceps) (as Oriolus squamiceps)[11]

Distribution and habitat

The orioles are a mainly tropical group, although one species, the Eurasian golden oriole, breeds in temperate regions.

Footnotes

1. Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Volume 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 160.
2. Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962). Check-list of birds of the world. Volume 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 122.
3. Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Volume 2. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. p. 320.
4. I.C.Z.N. (1955). "Direction 21: Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic names Bubo Dumeril, 1806, Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790, Egretta Forster, 1817, and Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 (class Aves), by the suppression of older homonyms published by Brisson in 1760 (validation of four erroneous entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by the ruling given in Opinion 67)". Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1 (Section C, Part C 12): 161–178.
5. Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335.
6. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Orioles, drongos & fantails". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
7. Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 284.
8. "Oriole". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
9. Jønsson, Knud A; Bowie, Rauri C. K; Moyle, Robert G; Irestedt, Martin; Christidis, Les; Norman, Janette A; Fjeldså, Jon (2010). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes)". Ecography. 33 (2): 232–241. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06167.x.
10. "Sphecotheres viridis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
11. "Hypsipetes amaurotis squamiceps - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-11-08.

External links

• Orioles (Oriolidae) - videos, photos and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection