Nuytsia

Nuytsia floribunda is a hemiparasitic tree found in Western Australia. The species is known locally as moodjar and, more recently, the Christmas tree or Western Australian Christmas tree, as the display of intensely bright flowers during the austral summer coincides with the Christmas season.

For the journal, see Nuytsia (journal).

Nuytsia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Santalales
Family: Loranthaceae
Genus: Nuytsia
R.Br. ex G.Don
Species:
N. floribunda
Binomial name
Nuytsia floribunda
(Labill.) R.Br. ex G.Don[1]
Synonyms
  • Loranthus floribundus Labill.

Description

The habit of the species is a tree up to 10 metres (33 ft) high, or as a shrub. The rough bark is grey-brown. Flowers are a vivid yellow-orange, appearing between October and January.[2] The inflorescence on each flowering stem may be up to one metre in length.[3]

It is a root hemiparasite, is photosynthetic and mainly obtains water and mineral nutrients from its hosts. The haustoria arising from the roots of Nuytsia attach themselves to roots of many nearby plants and draw water and therefore nutrients from them. Almost all species are susceptible to attack; haustoria have even been found attached to underground cables.[4] In natural settings Nuytsia withdraws relatively little from each individual host, but is attached to so many other plants that the benefit to this hemiparasitic tree is likely to be considerable.[5] Roots and rhizomes extend out and may sucker to form new branches that give the appearance of a grove of trees. A network of fine and fragile roots arise from these larger underground parts, forming haustoria where they meet the roots of other species.[3]

Fruit

The trunk is reported as up to 1.2 metres in diameter, with multiple layers of wood and bark that allow the tree to withstand fire. An unusual characteristic of the seedlings is the four to six cotyledons rather than two.[3]

Taxonomy

Recognised in early descriptions as a species of the family Loranthaceae, a group almost entirely represented by epiphytic mistletoes, allied to the order Santalales. The current treatment of Nuytsia floribunda is as a monotypic genus, Nuytsia. This species was seen as a sister taxon to Atkinsonia ligustrina (Loranthaceae) in the description Nuytsia ligustrina by Allan Cunningham in 1817, before its later arrangement to a separate genus, Atkinsonia, which also describes a single species of Loranthaceae.[6]

The first description of Nuytsia floribunda was published by Jacques Labillardière in his 1805 work Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen, as Loranthus floribundus,[7] the specific epithet describing the profuse flowers he would have observed at Esperance. The botanist Robert Brown published a remark on the species in 1831, giving a new genus name without a formal description. The description was published by George Don using Brown's name Nuytsia,[1] an epithet that commemorates the seventeenth-century Dutch explorer and colonial official Pieter Nuyts.[3]

The Noongar names for the plant are moojar, moojerool, munjah and mutyal.[8] The regional name of 'Christmas tree' has been applied since the nineteenth century.[9][10][11][12][13][14] James Drummond noted in 1843 that the colonists at the Swan River referred to this species as the 'fire-tree', given for the resemblance of the inflorescence to a fire in its habitat. William Milligan reported that the first colonists used the term 'cabbage tree',[15] a reference to its fragile, white and spongey branches that can be snapped off as easily as the stalks of the European vegetable, cabbage.[3]

Distribution and habitat

Nuytsia floribunda is well known in Southwest Australia, especially due to the appearance of abundant flowers in summer which is a spectacular display. Although Nuytsia seeds germinate readily and seedlings are easy to grow for a year or two, cultivation of the species to maturity is regarded as difficult, with little success outside of its native habitat. It appears on a variety of soil types throughout Southwest Australia, the distribution of the species extends to the east of the Esperance Plain and to the north on the Geraldton Sandplains. (Distribution records: The Australian Virtual Herbarium.)

The species was once common across the Swan Coastal Plain, now mostly cleared around Perth with changes in land use since colonisation.[3]

Uses

The Nyungar people made use of the species during the season Kambarang, around October to early December, obtaining bark to make shields. The gum that exudes from the wound can be collected later, it is sweet and eaten raw.[16] Moodjar (or Muja) is regarded as a protected tree by the Nyungar peoples of Southwest Australia, the species is noted as being incorporated into rituals and having a conservation status that forbids their destruction. The plant is venerated by some who learn that it should not be sat beneath or its flowers, leaves or branches touched or taken. The sugary gum is consumed in modest quantities, and children are warned of overindulgence with the story of a monstrous, invulnerable and inescapable nocturnal being who cry of 'Nhervalong' could be heard as it collects the gum on which it subsists. Seasonal use by other groups of the roots is also known, Ethel Hassell at Jerramungup was invited to taste some being harvested by a group of women, reporting the taste of the flesh beneath an easily removed skin as sweet, brittle and somewhat watery.[3]

The wood of the tree was noted as commercially useless, and that cultivation and transplanting difficult or impractical for gardens or landscaping by the state's conservator Charles Lane Poole (1921), deeming the showy display of flowers to be its only desirable quality. Poole also notes the 'gum' that is exuded from the tree may be useful.[17] The artist Marianne North featured the tree in an illustration titled 'Study of the West Australian Flame-tree or Fire-tree’ (c. 1880), now held at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and recorded her effusive impressions, "I shall never forget one plain we came to, entirely surrounded by the nuytsia or mistletoe trees, in a full blaze of bloom. It looked like a bush-fire without smoke. The trees are, many of them, as big as average oaks in our hedgerows at home, …"[18] The early settler George Fletcher Moore described this parasitic tree as another "anomaly in this land of contradictions".[3]

A journal of systematic botany, Nuytsia, published by the Western Australian Herbarium, is named for this tree.

The Annals of Natural History (1842) reported a specimen being grown at a government garden in 1841, and the attempt to raise the few seed it produced; the correspondence is printed as from "H. Bidwell … of Sidney [sic]".[19]

Ecology
Bees on Nuytsia floribunda flower

The flowers produce large amounts of pollen and nectar that is consumed by insects.[3]

The parasitic relationship of Nuytsia floribunda on host species was poorly understood until an investigation by the botanist D. A. Herbert was presented to the Royal Society of Western Australia, contradicting the assumption that proximity to other tree species of banksia and jarrah, Eucalyptus marginata, was a requirement. Herbert discovered the extended network of filaments that embrace the roots of many other species, explaining the persistence of trees conserved in agricultural land cleared for introduced crops.[17]

There are various lists of both native[5] and introduced[3] host species that are vulnerable to attack, however evidence suggests Nuytsia is capable of parasitising an extraordinarily wide range of taxa with only a single published account of a species that appeared immune.[5] The generalised nature of the mode of host root attachment[4] presumably allows parasitism to occur on just about anything within reach.

Nuytsia floribunda was once common and well known on the coastal plain around Perth, often remaining in remnant bushland and gardens, becoming more scarce as the extent and density of urban development increased.[3]

See also

Notes
  1. "Nuytsia floribunda". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  2. "Nuytsia floribunda". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
  3. Cunningham, Irene (1998). The trees that were nature's gift. WA: I. Cunningham. pp. 5–9. ISBN 0958556202.
  4. Calladine, Ainsley; Pate, John S. (2000). "Haustorial structure and functioning of the root hemiparasitic tree Nuytsia floribunda (Labill.) R.Br. and water relationships with its hosts". Annals of Botany. 85 (6): 723–731. doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1130.
  5. Calladine, Ainsley; Pate, John S.; Dixon, Kingsley W. (2000). "Haustorial development and growth benefit to seedlings of the root hemiparasitic tree Nuytsia foribunda (Labill.) R.Br. in association with various hosts". Annals of Botany. 85 (6): 733–740. doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1129.
  6. Menzies, Barbara P.; McKee, H. S. (1959). "Root parasitism in Atkinsonia ligustrina (A. Cunn. ex F. Muell.) F. Muell". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 84 (389–391): 119. ISSN 0370-047X.
  7. "Loranthus floribundus". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  8. "Noongar names for plants". kippleonline.net. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  9. "Nuytsia Floribunda". Australian Town and Country Journal. Sydney. 12 September 1874. p. 16. Retrieved 1 December 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
  10. "No. 27 CHRISTMAS TREE (NUYTSIA FLORIBUNDA)". Western Mail. Perth. 20 October 1921. p. 30. Retrieved 1 December 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. "OUR WILDFLOWERS". The West Australian. Perth. 21 December 1928. p. 8. Retrieved 2 January 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. "CHRISTMAS FLOWERS". The West Australian. Perth. 23 December 1933. p. 18. Retrieved 1 December 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
  13. "Nuytsia Florabunda". Western Mail. Perth. 27 July 1939. p. 20. Retrieved 1 December 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
  14. "NUYTSIA FLORIBUNDA". Western Mail. Perth. 20 November 1941. p. 49. Retrieved 1 December 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
  15. Milligan, William (1837). "Some Account of the New Colony of Western Australia". Madras Journal of Literature and Science. 1. 6: 305.
  16. Various authors (1998). Ken Wallace; Janette Huston (eds.). Exploring Woodlands with Nyoongars (2 ed.). Department of Conservation and Land Management. p. 41. ISBN 0-7309-6847-2.
  17. Lane-Poole, C. E. (1921). "Christmas Tree". Notes on the Forests and Forest Products and Industries of Western Australia. 2nd Enlarged. Perth: Australian Forests Department. Bulletin No. 2: 138–39. ISSN 0085-8129.
  18. Ryan, John Charles (2014). "Overland from Perth to Albany: a journey of botanical intrigue". Australian Garden History. Australian Garden History Society. 25 (3 (2014:Jan/Feb/Mar.)): 7. ISSN 1033-3673.
  19. Bidwill, John Carne (February 1842). "LIV.—On a new species of Araucaria from New South Wales; and on Nuytsia floribunda". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 8 (53): 438–439. doi:10.1080/03745484209442781. ISSN 0374-5481.

References
  • Thomas Göbel: Heilpflanzen gegen Krebs und Psychose, Nuytsia Floribunda und Viscum Album, Betrachtung und Beurteilung zweier polarer Pflanzencharaktere und ihre Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. Verlag Freies Geistesleben, Stuttgart/Germany 2004, ISBN 3-7725-2230-0 (German language)

Further reading
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