Nicholas Straussler

Nicholas Peter Sorrel Straussler (in Hungarian: Straussler Miklós Péter) (7 May 1891 – 3 June 1966) was an engineer mainly remembered for devising the flotation system used by Allied amphibious DD tanks during World War II. Born in Hungary, he developed a reputation as an innovative automotive engineer before becoming a British citizen during the interwar period.[2] His work was mainly to do with amphibious, off-road and military vehicles.

Nicholas Peter Sorrel Straussler
Straussler Miklós
Born(1891-05-07)7 May 1891
Isaszeg, Austria-Hungary
Died3 June 1966(1966-06-03) (aged 75)
London[1]
NationalityBritish
Engineering career
DisciplineAutomotive engineering
ProjectsDD tank
Significant advanceFlotation devices

Biography
Short Stirling bomber being loaded with 250 lb bombs, carried on Alvis Straussler bomb trolleys.

Between 1928 and 1933, Straussler ran Folding Boats and Structures Ltd and patented a number of flotation devices, including collapsible ones.[3][4][5] In February 1933, he became a British citizen.[6]

Throughout the 1930s, he worked with Alvis Cars, Vickers-Armstrong and Hungarian companies on a variety of projects. His work for Alvis involved designing armoured cars such as the Alvis Straussler AC2 and the Alvis Straussler AC3. The prototypes were built by his own company Straussler Mechanisation Ltd, and the production vehicles by a new joint company, Alvis-Straussler.[7] that was formed in July, 1936.[8] He later improved the AC2 design and it was built in Hungary by Manfred Weiss as the 39M Csaba. These saw service with the Royal Hungarian Army. As Hungary was allied to the Axis powers during much of World War 2, 39M Csabas were also used by the German Army.[9] Another vehicle he was involved with that saw Axis use was the Garner-Straussler G.3, a four-wheel drive, off-road truck that was used in small numbers as an artillery tractor by the Germans. This truck had the unusual feature of being driven by two engines that were coupled together.[10]

A tank, the amphibious Light Tank V4, was built in Hungary to his design in the 1930s, but it never got past the prototype stage as the Hungarian Army chose instead to equip with the Toldi tank.[11] One of his designs that did see widespread use was the Alvis Straussler Bomb Trolley. Around 10,000 were made for the Royal Air Force to transport bombs, mainly within airfields. Each carried four 250 pound bombs, although large versions were later produced.[12]

Military flotation devices
Sherman DD tank, with the flotation screen lowered
An American M2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle, fitted with a Straussler-type flotation screen (1983)

Straussler's work for Vickers-Armstrong, included designing accessories for tanks. The engineering solutions he produced tended to be innovative, though sometimes at the expense of practicability.[2] He used his flotation device experience to develop collapsible floats for Vickers-Armstrong that could be used to construct a pontoon bridge or could be mounted on either side of a light tank to make it amphibious. Trials conducted by the British War Office showed that such a tank, propelled by an outboard motor, 'swam' reasonably well.[2]

The system was unsatisfactory, mainly because of the unwieldy bulk of floats that were big enough to float a tank (each was roughly the size of the tank itself). In practice, there would be severe difficulties in transporting by truck enough floats, even collapsed ones, to move a large unit of tanks across a body of water. Also, such floats made a tank too wide to launch itself into the sea from an off-shore landing craft, making their use in amphibious landings impractical.[13] Instead, Straussler devised an alternative, the flotation screen. This was a folding canvas screen, supported by horizontal metal hoops and vertical rubber tubes filled with compressed air. The screen covered the top half of the tank and provided buoyancy in the water. When collapsed, it would not interfere with the tank's mobility or combat effectiveness.

Straussler was allocated a Tetrarch tank for experimentation and it was fitted with a screen together with a marine propeller that took its drive from the tank's engine. The two forms of propulsion - propeller and tracks - gave rise to the term Duplex Drive ("DD") for such tanks.

The first trial of the DD Tetrarch took place in June 1941 in Brent Reservoir (also known as Hendon Reservoir) in North London[2] in front of General Alan Brooke, who was an early enthusiast for the idea.[1] Coincidentally, this was also where trials of a floating version of the British Mark IX tank took place in November 1918. Satisfactory sea trials of the Tetrarch took place near Hayling Island and the go-ahead was given to develop a production DD tank based on the Valentine tank. This version never saw combat and was mainly used to train crews who subsequently served in the DD versions of the M4 Sherman, one of a number of unusually modified, special purpose tanks (Hobart's Funnies) that saw action during and after D-Day.

He continued to work on adapting the DD system to other British vehicles, including the Churchill tank, the Cromwell, the Centurion and even the "Ronson" Carrier, a flame-thrower equipped version of the Universal Carrier[14] although none of these went into production. Post-war tanks were generally too heavy to be made amphibious with a flotation screen,[13] but lighter military vehicles such as early versions of the American M2 Bradley and the British FV432 continued to successfully use the system into the 1980s.

Another of his wartime projects was the Straussler Conversion. This was an experimental modification of the Ordnance QF 17 pounder and Ordnance QF 32 pounder anti-tank guns. The guns were fitted with motorized gun-carriages. A modified ammunition limber would be attached to the gun's trails, effectively making a four-wheeled, self-propelled vehicle and removing the need for a truck to tow the gun.[15] The idea of equipping large artillery pieces with engines, to give a limited amount of independent mobility, would be eventually adopted post–war with guns like the FH-70.

Post-war work

Straussler worked on a variety of automotive projects after the war. Although many were connected in some way with amphibious vehicles, they included the Lypsoid Tyre — a very low-pressure, off-road, run-flat tyre that saw some use with military and construction vehicles, including the Fabrique Nationale AS 24 lightweight transport vehicle. In October 1957, Straussler was charged with violating British export controls. A 'semi-military' truck fitted with his off-road wheels was sent, with permission, to the Netherlands for demonstration purposes. But it was then sent from there to Hungary - this was illegal as that country was behind the Iron Curtain.[16] Straussler was given an absolute discharge (i.e. found guilty, but no punishment was imposed); his company was fined £500 and he and his company shared the costs of the prosecution.[17]

He continued working into his old age — the last of his 30 patents was filed in 1964.[18] He died on 3 June 1966[19] in London.[1]

References
  1. "Obituaries". The Times. 6 June 1966. p. 12.
  2. Fletcher, David (2006). Swimming Shermans: Sherman DD amphibious tank of World War II (New Vanguard). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-983-5.
  3. "Float or raft for swimming purposes and the like" publication date 12/29/1925
  4. "Collapsible floating structure such as a boat, pontoon, seaplane float, and temporary bridge" publication date 11/29/1927
  5. "Collapsible structure such as pontoons and seaplane floats divisible into boats" publication date 07/16/1929
  6. "No. 33917". The London Gazette. 3 March 1933. p. 1427.
  7. "Alvis-Straussler Armoured Cars in the Netherlands East Indies". 1999. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  8. "Alvis-Straussler Ltd: New Mechanized Velicle Company". The Times. 14 July 1936.
  9. Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage (7 March 2007). German Military Vehicles of World War II: An Illustrated Guide to Cars, Trucks, Half-Tracks, Motorcycles, Amphibious Vehicles and Others. McFarland. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-0-7864-6252-0.
  10. Outlet; Rh Value Publishing (6 March 1985). Military Vehicles of WW II. Random House Value Publishing. ISBN 978-0-517-46951-4.
  11. Steven J Zaloga (20 April 2013). Tanks of Hitler's Eastern Allies 1941-45. Osprey Publishing. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-1-78096-021-0.
  12. "Bomb Trolley". Newcastle Upon Tyne Military Vehicle Museum. 2003. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  13. "Developing the DD Tank". The Bovington Tank Museum. 2003. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2008.
  14. Fletcher, David (2007). Churchill Crocodile Flamethrower. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-083-3.
  15. Henry, Chris; Delft, Brian (2004). British Anti-tank Artillery 1939-45. Osprey Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 1-84176-638-0.
  16. "Illegal Export Alleged:Semi-Military Type Lorry". The Times. 16 October 1957. p. 14.
  17. "Alleged Export of Lorry:Absolute Discharge for Inventor". The Times. 29 November 1957. p. 7.
  18. US 3234990 "Straussler Vehicle Wheel" publication date 2/15/1966
  19. "Deaths Column". The Times. 4 June 1966. p. 12.
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