Natterer's bat

Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri) is a European vespertilionid bat[2] with pale wings. It has brown fur tending to greyish-white on its underside. It is found across most of the continent of Europe, parts of the Near East and North Africa. It feeds on insects and other invertebrates which it catches on the wing or pursues on the ground.

Natterer's bat
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Genus: Myotis
Species:
M. nattereri
Binomial name
Myotis nattereri
(Kuhl, 1817)

In summer it roosts in deciduous and coniferous trees, buildings or bat boxes close to its feeding habitats. In winter it hibernates in caves, tunnels, mines or cellars, usually hiding in crevices. This bat was first described in 1817 by Heinrich Kuhl, who named it in honour of the Austrian naturalist Johann Natterer.[3][4][5]

Description

Natterer's bat is a medium-sized species and grows to a head and body length of 1.75 to 2 inches (44 to 51 mm) with a forearm (elbow to wrist) length of 1.75 inches (44 mm). It weighs between 5 and 9.5 grams (0.18 and 0.34 oz). The short, dense fur on the dorsal (upper) surface of head and body is greyish-brown while the ventral (under) surface is whitish-grey. [6] The ears and the wing membranes are smoky grey. This bat can be distinguished from other similar species by the fact that the free edge of the interfemoral membrane between the hind limbs is wrinkled and fringed with stiff, curved hairs and the calcar, a spur of cartilage that supports the membrane, is shaped like a "S".[7]

Distribution and habitat

The Natterer's bat species complex has a western Palaearctic distribution and is native to most of Europe, parts of the Middle East and parts of northern Africa. Its range extends from southern Sweden, Finland and western Russia in the north to Ireland, the United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal to the west. It extends eastwards to Ukraine, western and southwestern Asia Minor, the Levant, the Caucasus region, the Kopet Dag Mountains in Turkmenistan, Iran and northern Kazakhstan. Its southern limit is Morocco and Algeria, southwards as far as the Atlas Mountains. Records from North Africa are few in number and the population there is likely to be small. Its historic range included Norway, in which it is now a possibly extirpated species.

It is found from sea level up to an altitude of about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).[1] It is found in forests, parkland, and in open countryside with scattered woodland. It roosts in holes in trees, buildings and nestboxes. In winter it hibernates in caves, mineshafts, tunnels and cellars, hiding itself away in cracks and crevices usually near the cave entrance.[7] It is largely a resident species and the summer roosts and winter hibernation sites are usually within 120 kilometres (75 mi) of each other.[1]

Distribution of the M. nattereri species group according to the IUCN,[8] Benda et al. (2006),[9] Puechmaille et al. (2012),[10] Salicini et al. (2013),[11] Çoraman et al. (2019).[12] Type localities are indicated by stars for each described taxon.
  M. crypticus
  M. escalerai
  M. zenatius
  M. nattereri
  M. sp. C
  M. hoveli
  M. tschuliensis
  M. schaubi araxenus
  Uncertain status in Cyprus

Behaviour

Natterer's bat is nocturnal and insectivorous. It emerges at dusk to hunt for insects and uses echolocation to find prey and orient itself at night. Like many other species of bat, it emits sounds at too high a frequency for most humans to detect and then interprets the echoes created in order to build a "sound picture" of its surroundings. The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 23 and 115 kHz and have most energy at 53 kHz. The individual signals have an average duration of 3.8 ms.[13][14] The wide bandwidth of its frequency-modulated search signals enables it to detect prey only a few centimetres from vegetation and it does not use vision, olfaction or sounds emitted by its prey for this purpose. The bat feeds on the wing and it mostly catches insects in flight but it is also able to feed on prey items such as spiders and caterpillars dangling close to foliage on silken threads.[15]

During a study of the bat's diet, examination of droppings showed that it can also gather prey items from the ground. The diet was found mostly to consist of large Diptera (flies) but Trichoptera (caddisfly), Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants and hoverflies) and Arachnida (spiders and harvestmen) were also commonly eaten. The remains of other prey items occasionally found in the droppings included Lepidoptera (moths), Coleoptera (beetles), Hemiptera (bugs), Dermaptera (earwigs) and Chilopoda (centipedes).[16] This bat may use its interfemoral membrane to catch prey and the fringing hairs may have a sensory function.[17] It has been shown that it can land on the ground to pick up and pursue invertebrates that are active at night, and continues to emit search signals in order to locate them precisely.[17]

Breeding takes place in the spring and many Natterer's bats may congregate in a nursery roost. After fertilisation, a female normally gives birth to a single offspring after a gestation period of fifty to sixty days, but twins sometimes occur. Weaning takes place six or seven weeks later and the juvenile becomes sexually mature the following year.[7]

Status

The IUCN has listed the Natterer's bat in its Red List of Threatened Species as being of "Least Concern" because it has a very wide distribution and is abundant in many parts of its extent. The population trend seems to be steady and no significant threats have been identified. The IUCN does note however that in some parts of its range woodlands are under threat and land management practices are changing. Roosting sites in trees and buildings may be destroyed and in Africa, cave roosting habitats are being damaged. The bat is used in traditional medicine practices in North Africa.[1]

Natterer's bats are protected under the European Habitats Directive, the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and the Berne Convention.[1] In the United Kingdom their rarity means that woodlands containing the species may be considered for notification as Sites of Special Scientific Interest or Special Areas of Conservation and may attract a grant under Natural Englands Environmental Stewardship scheme.[18]

See also

References
  1. Gazaryan, S.; Kruskop, S.V. & Godlevska, L. (2020). "Myotis nattereri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T85733032A22052584. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  2. Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 513. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. "Natterer’s Bat", Natural History Society of Northumbria, retrieved 2014.04.14.
  4. "Natterer", The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals, By Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins, Michael Grayson, 2009, Johns Hopkins University Press
  5. "Natterer's Bat", What's Who?: A Dictionary of Things Named After People and the People They Are Named After, By Roger Jones, 2008, Matador, ISBN 1848760477.
  6. Myotis nattereri - Science for Nature Foundation
  7. Konig, Claus (1973). Mammals. Collins & Co. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-00-212080-7.
  8. Hutson, Anthony M.; Aulagnier, Stéphane; Spitzenberger, Friederike (2008). "Myotis nattereri". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T14135A4405996. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14135A4405996.en.
  9. Petr Benda; Michal Andreas; Dieter Kock; et al. (2006). "Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the Eastern Mediterranean. Part 4. Bat fauna of Syria: distribution, systematics, ecology" (PDF). Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae. 70: 1–329. ISSN 0862-5247. Wikidata Q61883614.
  10. Sébastien J. Puechmaille; Benjamin Allegrini; Emma S.M. Boston; et al. (May 2012). "Genetic analyses reveal further cryptic lineages within the <i>Myotis nattereri</i> species complex". Mammalian Biology. 77 (3): 224–228. doi:10.1016/J.MAMBIO.2011.11.004. ISSN 1616-5047. Wikidata Q59645142.
  11. Irene Salicini; Carlos Ibáñez; Javier Juste (December 2012). "Deep differentiation between and within Mediterranean glacial refugia in a flying mammal, the <i>Myotis nattereri</i> bat complex". Journal of Biogeography. 40 (6): 1182–1193. doi:10.1111/JBI.12062. ISSN 0305-0270. Wikidata Q61789557.
  12. Emrah Çoraman; Christian Dietz; Elisabeth Hempel; Astghik Ghazaryan; Eran Levin; Primož Presetnik; Maja Zagmajster; Frieder Mayer (2019). "Reticulate evolutionary history of a Western Palaearctic bat complex explained by multiple mtDNA introgressions in secondary contacts". Journal of Biogeography. 46 (2): 343–354. doi:10.1111/JBI.13509. ISSN 0305-0270. Wikidata Q61808257.
  13. Parsons, S. and Jones, G. (2000) 'Acoustic identification of twelve species of echolocating bat by discriminant function analysis and artificial neural networks.' J Exp Biol., 203: 2641-2656.
  14. Obrist, M.K., Boesch, R. and Flückiger, P.F. (2004) 'Variability in echolocation call design of 26 Swiss bat species: Consequences, limits and options for automated field identification with a synergic pattern recognition approach.' Mammalia., 68 (4): 307-32.
  15. Siemers, B. M.; Schnitzler, H. -U. (2000). "Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri Kuhl, 1818) hawks for prey close to vegetation using echolocation signals of very broad bandwidth". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 47 (6): 400–412. doi:10.1007/s002650050683. S2CID 32561826.
  16. Shiel, C. B.; McAney, C. M.; Fairley, J. S. (1991). "Analysis of the diet of Natterer's bat Myotis nattereri and the common long-eared bat Plecotus auritus in the West of Ireland". Journal of Zoology. 223 (2): 299–305. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04766.x.
  17. Swift, S.; Racey, P. (2002). "Gleaning as a foraging strategy in Natterer's bat Myotis nattereri". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 52 (5): 408–416. doi:10.1007/s00265-002-0531-x. S2CID 8792206.
  18. "Environmental Stewardship". Natural England. Retrieved 2013-10-27.
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