Napoleon, Arkansas
Napoleon was a river port town in Desha County, Arkansas, United States, from the 1820s until 1874. It was situated at the confluence of the Arkansas and Mississippi rivers. Once the county seat,[1] Napoleon's fate was sealed when in 1863, a channel was cut through the soft land that directed the river waters toward the town. Napoleon was finally deserted and the county seat moved in 1874 when the banks of the Mississippi River overflowed and destroyed much of what remained of the once-thriving river port town.[2]
Old Area History
The mouth of the Arkansas River is known to have had a rich history, although the exact locations are largely speculative due to the ever changing rivers.
Hernando De Soto’s expedition passed through the area on their return after De Soto himself died and was buried in the Arkansas River in 1542.
In 1673 Jacques Marquette likely celebrated Arkansas’s first Catholic mass at the mouth of the Arkansas River, which was at that point his expedition ceased traveling down the Mississippi and returned upstream. Marquette created one of the first maps of the Arkansas River on that expedition.
René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle passed through the area on two expeditions, in 1682 he buried an engraved plate and cross and claimed the land for France. La Salle’s associate, Henri de Tonti, established a trading post called “Poste de Arkansea,” the first European settlement west of the Mississippi in 1686.
Arkansas Post had both Spanish and English influence, but those paled in comparison to the French whose Mississippi Company brought in hundreds of immigrants to Louisiana in the early 1700s. Even after the Spanish land-grants around the area, the French influence had survived in the region but in 1803 France sold its land to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase which would inevitably bring far more groups into the region. The History of Arkansas is a broad subject but its roots are at the confluence of the Arkansas and Mississippi River.
Fredrick Notrebe
Fredrick Notrebe, a former French soldier immigrated to Arkansas Post in the summer of 1810.[3] Notrebe was born in France in 1780. He came to Arkansas Post as an agent for William Drope of New Orleans.[4] The first deed of ownership shows Notrebe purchased a house and lot in the town of Arkansas in 1811.[5] The same year, Notrebe married Mary Felicite Bellette, daughter of John B. Bellette (aka Eusdine or Eusine). Notrebe had five children with Mary Felicite Bellette. Only one son would carry on the Notrebe name, Eugene Notrebe's (Eugene born in 1816) illegitimate son was named Napoleon Bonaparte Notrebe. Napoleon Bonaparte Notrebe would survive his father's death in Havana, Cuba 1840.[6]
Notrebe was often referred to as Colonel. While not much is certain about Notrebe's military service in France, his close friend Antoine Barraque who immigrated to Arkansas Post in 1816 had fought under Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Marengo, Battle of Austerlitz, Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, Battle of Lodi, and Battle of Borodino. For Notrebe the title of Colonel was likely more an honorary one. Prior to the establishment of Territory of Arkansas in 1819 the area was connected to the Missouri Militia. Notrebe would have been a part of the militia during that time due to the law. It is unknown if he fought in the War of 1812. An 1825 roster Militia Officers[7] excludes Notrebe's name. Local politics seemed to be natural for the Colonel and on November 1, 1820 he was the “Common Pleas Judge” for the township of Arkansas.[8]
Notrebe built a trading house and store at Arkansas Post. Initially, Notrebe had traded furs and pelts with the local, friendly, Quapaw tribe. Notrebe eventually bought enough land to start a plantation with the where in 1819 he began trading cotton. The local economy soon followed the shifted from trading furs to cotton. With the invention of the Cotton Gin, Notrebe built a Gin at Arkansas Post in 1827 (the foundation of which is still visible today) and shifted entirely to an agricultural economic focus. A traveler would remark that Frederick Notrebe had a few modern building adorning the banks of the River in 1832, a sign of prosperity. By 1836 Notrebe's estate included 14 parcels of land totally 3,496 acres. Notrebe's son-in-law, William Cummins, partnered with Notrebe and had another 4,633 acres. With 71 slaves working the plantations, his prominence in the area was as G. W. Featherstonhaugh put it, “the great man of the place [Arkansas Post] is Monsieur Notrebe who is said to have accumulated a considerable fortune here.”
Fredrick Notrebe would die while on business in New Orleans on April 13, 1849.
Napoleon, Arkansas
During the 1830s the Territory of Arkansas was undergoing a distinct change. No longer was it merely a wilderness of Indians and traders, it was becoming a state. The Territorial Capital was moved from Arkansas Post to Little Rock in 1821. Arkansas would become the 25th State admitted to the Union on June 15, 1836. The Indian Removal Act on May 28, 1830 then removed all tribes from Arkansas. While Arkansas Post began to decrease from its former political stature, the trading of goods via the rivers began to thrive with proliferation of the steamboat.
Fredrick Notrebe founded Napoleon, Arkansas after “his old commander”[9] at the confluence of the Arkansas and Mississippi River, on the West bank of the Arkansas's mouth. The area was one of the most common thoroughfares that existed along the Mississippi River but was sure to meet hardship due to the unwieldy Arkansas and Mississippi Rivers which would commonly flood and change course. The exact date of Napoleon's founding is not certain. A Post office was established in 1832. A primary school was founded on December 10, 1838. Bishop Joseph Rosati of St. Louis sent Father Peter Donnelly to establish a Catholic church in Arkansas where he purchased land in Napoleon and held the first mass there in May 1839.
The leaders of Napoleon were ambitious, not only did they create a town with a large wharf, they lobbied to be the location of one of the Federal Marine Hospitals and aspired to a to build a railroad linking Napoleon to the Pacific Ocean.[10]
Despite such aspiration the town quick established a sour reputation for filth, bugs and crime. United States Supreme Court Justice Peter Vivian Daniel wrote to his daughter about his visit to Napoleon in 1851 calling it a “miserable place [that] consists of a few slightly build wood houses, hastily erected no doubt under some scheme of speculations, and which are tumbling down without ever having been finished…”
In 1852, Bolivar County, Mississippi, established Wellington as its county seat, nearly opposite Napoleon, on the east bank of the Mississippi River.[11] There would have been a natural rivalry between business and civic leaders in Desha County, Arkansas, and Bolivar County for river-related commerce at the confluence of the Arkansas and Mississippi rivers.
From 1850 to 1860 the town had nearly doubled in population. Other nearby townships were recorded as using Napoleon's post office and the Marine Hospital had become the primary fixture of the town. While the population grew, floods levees were highly discussed but rarely constructed. Such levels were common work at other towns such as New Orleans and Baton Rouge but above the river at Napoleon an army report mentioned, “few or none had yet been attempted.” Still the promise of levees had at least secured the building of the Marine Hospital.
Napoleon Marine Hospital
In 1837 Congress authorized the building of seven Marine Hospitals[8]. Napoleon, Arkansas was one of the locations chosen by Congress on August 29th, 1842 [12] Stephen Harriman Long Major of the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers was soon commissioned to build the first hospital at Louisville, Kentucky.
Long was commissioned to build the Marine Hospital at Napoleon, Arkansas in 1849. Long noticed the flooding problems right away in Napoleon writing, “I cannot but regard the site selected for this hospital objectionable.” He had petitioned for the high bluffs at Helena, Arkansas to be the location for the hospital for that area. His objections to the location were ignored. Senator Solon Borland reported to the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers that the situation at Napoleon had been discussed before the bill was passed that would create the Marine Hospital at Napoleon. The hospital at Napoleon ordered to begin without delay.
In the Spring of 1850 Long requested $10,250 in order to begin construction but it wasn't until August that construction finally started thanks to flooding which had hampered the work on the foundation and cellar. Delays continued to dog the construction and by the Spring of 1851 the supervisor wrote Long suggesting suspension of the work as contracts were expiring due to delays and sickness had been rampant. Work resumed in October 1851 and the slow pace continued over the next three years. By August 1854 the hospital was finally finished but the hospital did not accept its first patients until 1855.
Long's observations and objections had been accurate. By March 11, 1868 the river had eroded the land to 52 feet from the hospital's doors. Less than a month later, and nearly four years after Long's death, a corner of the hospital fell into the River.[13] The Weekly Arkansas Gazette of May 19, 1868, wrote: “We learn from Mr. Boyd, who has just returned from Napoleon, that the U. S. Marine Hospital at that place has about one half broken off and caved into the river.” As the hospital gradually fell into the water, its custodian tried to sell what he could rescue from it.
The entire town of Napoleon would be swallowed by the river only twenty-five years after Long first objected to building the hospital at Napoleon.
Napoleon during the Civil War
On February 12, 1861, before Arkansas seceded from the Union in May, Gov. Henry Rector ordered the seizure of the Marine Hospital and ammunition shipments. In April 1861 secessionists set up two cannons at Napoleon with the intention of forcing riverboats to stop for inspection.
By September 1862 the Union army occupied Napoleon and the Union Navy controlled the rivers. While the city was under Federal control, the once bustling port had all but been deserted. The economy was in ruins, slavery was coming to a sudden end, and river traffic was entirely Union controlled. During the winter of 1863 the town had been largely pillaged for firewood. The Catholic church had its pews ripped apart and the only structure still standing was the Marine Hospital, which Federal forces did not use the for its intended purpose, instead sending patients elsewhere. While the hospital would survive the war it wouldn't survive the river.
Even after the Confederates were routed at the Battle of Saint Charles in June 1862 and the Battle of Fort Hindman in January 1863 (at Arkansas Post where the Union advance landed at the Notrebe plantation), the Union forces could not stop rebels from harassing union ships. Following one such ambush in 1863, a Federal gunship led by William Tecumseh Sherman landed at Wellington and burned it.
The Napoleon Cutoff
The river that allowed the prosperity of Napoleon, Arkansas began its demise on April 14, 1863. Union Commander Thomas Oliver Selfridge who lead the USS Conestonga (1861) on patrols around the area of Napoleon had grown furious as to the inability to stop the rebels from firing at Union ships using the Beulah Bend. Selfridge's boss David Porter, called the bend, “one of the worst points for guerrillas.”
East of Napoleon, The Beulah Bend (now Lake Beulah) was a 10-mile arc of the Mississippi River that started at the mouth of the Arkansas and semi-circled back around to within a mile of the Arkansas river's mouth.[14][15] During the American Civil War, Confederate soldiers would move east by foot from Napoleon, hide in a wooded area near the bend, and then fire on passing Union ships. The bend was so tight that Rebels could fire at a ships headed down stream the Mississippi and leisurely move cannons a few hundred yards to wait and fire at the same ships.
Selfridge sought to dig a canal that would reroute the river from the Beulah bend. He obtained the idea when he noticed the floodwaters near Beulah Bend made the distance feasible. The tactic (Grant's Canal) had failed miserably at the Siege of Vicksburg but Selfridge put his men to work on digging a canal only a few hundred yards long. It didn't take long. In just a single day the water had made a raging torrent cut into the earth and carried even large trees. The next morning Selfridge couldn't wait. He opened up the new canal at full speed in the Conestonga, estimating the current to be at 12 knots and surprised transport ship that had seen them behind them the day prior.
Admiral Porter was impressed. He wrote the Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles on April 16, 1863 saying, "I have the honor to enclose a letter from Lieutenant-Commander Thomas O. Selfridge, which is interesting from the fact that it shows how easily cut-offs are made in the Mississippi when conducted with ordinary intelligence. I send a diagram which will explain the operation. We have been threatened for some time past with an attack from the Arkansas rebels in steamers. Every provision was made to meet it. Lieutenant-Commander Selfridge saw the difficulty in defending the mouths of White and Arkansas rivers while kept so far apart by a useless neck of land and proposed to me to cut it. I ordered him to do so, and he passed through with his vessel twenty- four hours after he cut the bend, this saving a distance of over 10 miles. The mouths of Arkansas and White River are now brought close together, and a small force can defend both. One of the worst points for guerrillas is also cut off, as these pests of the human race could, from the isthmus, attack a vessel on one side and be ready to meet her on the other as she came around; the distance being 10 miles around and half a mile across."
Though the cut had improved river traffic, the cut hastened the end of Napoleon. The Mississippi's water was soon eroding the banks of the town. Ten years after the canal was dug the town would be gone.
Salvaging Napoleon
Napoleon after the war was practically a ghost town. Although several families returned, most didn't. A Newspaper in Napoleon (The Napoleon News) came back and 1870 and claimed that silver had been discovered near the town. Many were hopeful for the town to return to prosperity but Napoleon would not become the host of a silver boom nor much else. Floods continued. The Mississippi cut into the town separating one side from the other. Thieves were creative and used a flat boat to steal the safe from the county clerk's office. While the safe had no money, it contained town records.
The Catholic Church bell is now at McGhee, Arkansas. All that is left of Napoleon are a few ruins which are only visible when the water is low.
Legends
The town was the subject of a chapter in Mark Twain's Life on the Mississippi, in which he tells a story of learning from a deathbed confession that $10,000 was hidden behind a brick in a building in Napoleon. When Twain tried to retrieve it, he discovered the entire town had been washed away.[16][17] Twain reports that the early explorers De Soto, Marquette and Joliet, and La Salle visited "the site of the future town of Napoleon, Arkansas" in their pioneering journeys.[18]
References
- "Napoleon (Desha County)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. The Central Arkansas Library System. 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
- “Circuit Court Record “D” September Term 1874 p. 280,” HRS, box 73, folder 6; “Court Record 1873. Oct. 9, 1874,” ibid. On the relocation of the county seat, see “Act 12, Special Session General Assembly, 1874,”
- John Hugh Reynolds, Makers of Arkansas History (New York, 1918)
- Johnson, Boyd W. “Frederick Notrebe.” The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 3, 1962, pp. 269–283. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40018933
- Arkansas County Deed Record Book C page 64
- Little Rock, Arkansas Gazette, May 27, 1840.
- ROSTER OF MILITIA OFFICERS Arkansas Gazette, June 14, 1825 http://files.usgwarchives.net/ar/state/history/terr/rost.txt
- Territorial Papers - Arkansas 1819-1825 pp. 789-874; Part Seven, "Executive Register for the Arkansas Territory," 1817-1836. http://files.usgwarchives.net/ar/state/history/terr/terr4.txt
- Walter Moffatt, “William D. Hoyt, JR., “Justice Daniel in Arkansas, 1851 and 1853,” Arkansas Quarterly 1 (June 1942)
- Hammond, Michael D. “Arkansas Atlantis: The Lost Town of Napoleon.” The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, vol. 65, no. 3, 2006, pp. 201–223. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40031076.
- "Wellington", History of Bolivar County Mississippi, Mississippi Delta Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 1948
- Farmers' gazette, and Cheraw advertiser. [volume] (Cheraw, S.C.), 11 Oct. 1842. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042795/1842-10-11/ed-1/seq-2/>
- Hammond, Michael D. “Arkansas Atlantis: The Lost Town of Napoleon.” The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, vol. 65, no. 3, 2006, pp. 201–223. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40031076.
- "Lake Beulah" (PDF). DeltaWildlife.org. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
- Hammond, Michael D. "Arkansas Atlantis: The Lost Town of Napoleon" (PDF). No. Autumn 2006. Arkansas Historical Quarterly. pp. 201–223. Retrieved January 17, 2018. Cite magazine requires
|magazine=(help) - Clemens, Samuel L. (1917). "XXXII, The Disposal of a Bonanza". Life on the Mississippi. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 281–286.
- "Napoleon, Arkansas". Directory of Mark Twain's maxims, quotations, and various opinions. www.twainquotes.com. 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009. Web page includes an 1863 map showing the location of Napoleon, Arkansas.
- Clemens, Samuel L. (1917). Life on the Mississippi. New York: Harper & Row. p. 15.
These performances took place on the site of the future town of Napoleon, Arkansas, and there the first confiscation-cross was raised on the banks of the great river. Marquette’s and Joliet’s voyage of discovery ended at the same spot—the site of the future town of Napoleon. When De Soto took his fleeting glimpse of the river, away back in the dim early days, he took it from that same spot—the site of the future town of Napoleon, Arkansas. Therefore, three out of the four memorable events connected with the discovery and exploration of the mighty river, occurred, by accident, in one and the same place. It is a most curious distinction, when one comes to look at it and think about it. France stole that vast country on that spot, the future Napoleon; and by and by Napoleon himself was to give the country back again!—make restitution, not to the owners, but to their white American heirs.
External links
Municipalities and communities of Desha County, Arkansas, United States | ||
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| Cities |  Map of Arkansas highlighting Desha County | |
| Towns | ||
| Unincorporated communities | ||
| Ghost town | ||
| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
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