Nahalin

Nahalin, also spelled Nahaleen, (Arabic: نحالين‎) is a Palestinian village located in the Bethlehem Governorate to the southwest of Bethlehem in the West Bank. The word nahaleen is Arabic for those who collect honey from bees. The village was well known for beekeeping and tens of beehives still exist in Nahalin today. The village is also known locally for its almond and olive trees, vineyards, parsley and vegetables, namely onions and beans. The built-up area of Nahalin consists of roughly 730 dunams, 20 of which make up the old center of the village.[3]

Nahalin
Municipality type C
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicنحالين
 • LatinNahaleen (official)
Nahalin, 2012
Nahalin
Location of Nahalin within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°41′05″N 35°06′57″E
Palestine grid161/121
StateState of Palestine
GovernorateBethlehem
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • Head of MunicipalityMuhammad Ahmad Ghayada, elected in 2005
Area
 • Total16,144 dunams (16.1 km2 or 6.2 sq mi)
Population
 (2007)[1]
 • Total6,827
 • Density420/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
Name meaning"A water-course"[2]

The village is located inside an enclave in the Gush Etzion settlement bloc, surrounded by the Israeli settlements of Gvaot, Rosh Tzurim, Neve Daniel and Betar Illit.[4] After the Oslo Accords in 1995, 91% of Nahalin land was classified as Area C, under full Israeli control, while the remaining 9% is Area B, meaning that civil affairs have been under the control of the Palestinian National Authority and security matters under the control of the Israel Defense Forces.[5]

History

Byzantine shards have been found at a hilltop.[6] Modern Nahalin was built on the remains of a medieval-era village.[3]

Ottoman era

Nahalin was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 Nahalin appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 40 Muslim households and 16 Christian households. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, grape syrup or molasses, and goats or beehives; a total of 3,880 Akçe.[7] Historically, Nahalin was frequented by Bedouin and was well known for its tradition of beekeeping.[3]

The French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in the 1863, and he described it as "a jumble of small houses", with tobacco plantations surrounding it.[8] Martin Hartmann found Nahalin to have 17 houses.[9]

In 1883, PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Nahalin as "A village of moderate size, on a kind of natural terrace on the side of a ridge, with a great valley to the north..[..] To the north is a spring in the valley; there is also a second spring to the south.[..] To the east is a Mukam, with two large oak-trees, sacred to Haj 'Aleiyan."[10] "There is a tradition about tomb of Haj 'Aleiyan, of whom it is related that, having been refused entrance into the mosques because of his ragged and filthy appearance, he spread his Abba on the sea and performed his prayers on it."[11]

In 1896 the population of Nahalin was estimated to be about 162 persons.[12]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Nahhalin had a population of 316; 312 Muslims and 4 Christians,[13] where the Christians were all Orthodox.[14] In the 1931 census the population of Nahhalin was a total of 440, (3 Christians and the rest Muslim), in 98 inhabited houses.[15]

In the 1945 statistics the population of Nahhalin was 620, all Muslims,[16] who owned 16,144 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey.[17] Of this, 1,068 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 4,659 for cereals,[18] while 63 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[19]

Jordanian era

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Nahalin came under Jordanian rule.

On March 28, 1954, an Israeli raid by Unit 101 on an Arab Legion base 4 kilometers outside Nahalin, where the Israeli forces missed the base and placed explosive charges and destroyed seven houses, including the mosque of the village [20][21] killed five national guards, three legionnaires (who were travelling from the Arab Legion base to the village) and one woman, and wounded eighteen civilians including men, women and children.[20][22] According to David Tal, the raid was the first of Israel's reprisal raids against a military target in Jordanian controlled territory.[21]

In 1961, the population of Nahhalin was 1,015.[23]

1967-present

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Nahalin has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,109.[24]

From 1988-1991, journalist Helen Winternitz spent 3 years in Nahalin, publishing her experiences in the book A Season of Stones.[25]

During the early months of the First Intifada on 13th April 1898, five villagers were killed by Israel Border Police during an early morning raid. The villagers claimed the security forces opened fire without provocation as they were leaving morning prayers at the mosque. Then General Amram Mitzna claimed his forces had come under attack from about 100 stone-throwing youths.[26] On 30 April 1989, preliminary findings of a military inquiry into the events indicated that the border police unit involved in the raid had "lost control and fired excessively".[27] In May 1989, the military inquiry announced that disciplinary action against four officers and seven border policemen would be taken for "misconduct".[28] During the funeral for those killed Walid Najajra, aged 23, was shot in the head by Israeli soldiers. He died a week later in the Makassed Hospital. Reports in the Israeli press stated that the army had launched an investigation.[29]

After the 1995 accords, 9% of the village land has been classified as Area B, while the remaining 91% has been classified as Area C.[5]

Large parts of Nahalin's land are confiscated by Military Orders by declaring it Israeli "State Land".[30] Israel has afterwards used the confiscated land to construct Israeli settlements; 135 dunum of Nahalin land went to construct Geva’ot, 1166 dunum went to Betar Illit, and 110 dunum went to Rosh Zurim.[31]

Since the beginning of the al-Aqsa Intifada, severe restrictions on movement have been placed on all residents. According to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), from the intifada's beginning in September 2000 until the road's November 2003 reopening with IDF checkpoint monitoring, the cluster of villages represented by Nahalin, Husan and Battir were totally closed off and the only access was on foot via the Husan/al-Khadr junction.[4] In 2004, all roads but one were reopened, and residents can now move more freely. In November of that year, USAID supported the paving of that road.

In the 2005 municipal elections in Nahalin, all ten elected candidates stood as independents. The candidate with the most votes was Qassim Yousif Mahmoud Awad, who got 1120 votes.[32]

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of over 6,409 in mid-year 2006,[33] of whom 35% are under the age of 18. Approximately 150 - 200 persons are registered with UNRWA as refugees of the 1948 war. Villagers carry a West Bank ID card.[4]

Some 90% of the population between the ages of 18 and 35 are unemployed.[4] The natural growth of the village will become a problem in the future due to lack of living space.[4] Nahalin will become entirely closed in by both the expanding settlements and the Israeli West Bank barrier, placing severe constraints on the movement of residents and their access to services outside the village.[4]

References
  1. 2007 PCBS Census Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. p.117.
  2. Palmer, 1881, p. 324
  3. Nahaline Old Core. The Centre for Cultural Heritage Preservation.
  4. "The West Bank Barrier - Profile: Nahalin Village". UNRWA. February 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  5. Nahhalin Village Profile, ARIJ, p. 17
  6. Dauphin, 1998, p. 919
  7. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 118.
  8. Guérin, 1869, pp. 119-120
  9. Hartmann, 1883, p. 144
  10. Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 26
  11. Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 163
  12. Schick, 1896, p. 122
  13. Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Bethlehem, p. 18
  14. Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. 45
  15. Mills, 1932, p. 36
  16. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 25
  17. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57
  18. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 103
  19. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 153
  20. S/3251 Report dated 19 June 1954 by the Chief of Staff of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine to the Secretary-General concerning the Nahhalin incident The draft resolution was adopted, the delegation of Jordan and the Chairman voting in favour. 12. After the vote, the Chairman made the following statement: "The Chairman deeply sympathizes with the Nahhalin villagers. The terror of such a night attack with its accompanying loss of life will not be easily forgotten, especially since this is not the first time Nahhalin village has felt the sting of the night raiders. I must, however, call upon the injured party to refrain from actions that will aggravate instead of lessen the existing tension. If there is to be any reciprocal action along the Jordan-Israel border, let it be only for acts of tolerance, understanding and co-operation. The parties to this Mixed Armistice Commission should not, in the face of difficult problems, lose sight of the fact that the co-operation necessary to the establishment of a peaceful border can find its beginning here in the Mixed Armistice Commission. In this case the evidence found establishes guilt without question. There seemed to be little effort on the part of the attackers to conceal their identity. I do not believe the Israel officials will encounter much difficulty in apprehending the perpetrators of this crime and bringing them to justice."
  21. David Tal, Israel's road to the 1956 war, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1. (Feb., 1996), pp. 59-81.
  22. Cablegram Dated 30 March 1954 From the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Hashemite Kingdom of the Jordan Addressed to the Secretary-General
  23. Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 23
  24. Perlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  25. Helen Winternitz (October 1992). A Season of Stones: Living in a Palestinian Village. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-486-1.
  26. "On this Day: Six Killed in West Bank Village Raid". BBC. 13 April 1989. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  27. "Report of the Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices affecting the Human Rights of the population of the Occupied Territories". United Nations General Assembly. 12 October 1989. Archived from the original on November 12, 2001. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  28. Edward Cody (5 May 1989). "Disciplinary Action Ordered in Raid;Israeli Border Police 'Lost Control' in Clash That Killed 5 Villagers". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  29. Talmor, Ronny (translated by Ralph Mandel) (1990) The Use of Firearms - By the Security Forces in the Occupied Territories. B'Tselem. ISSN 0792-4003. p. 75 MK Yair Tsaban to defence ministers Yitzhak Rabin & Yitzhak Shamir
  30. Under the pretext of State Property "The Israeli Occupation Authorities confiscate land in Nahhalin village" Archived 2014-02-25 at the Wayback Machine. ARIJ, 5 March 2009
  31. Nahhalin Village Profile, p. 18
  32. "Local Elections (Round two)- Successful Candidates by Local Authority, Gender and No. of Votes Obtained" (PDF). Central Elections Committee. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  33. Projected Mid -Year Population for Bethlehem Governorate by Locality 2004- 2006 Archived 2008-06-16 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics

Bibliography
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