Mountain yellow-legged frog

The mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa), also known as the southern mountain yellow-legged frog[1] is a species of true frog endemic to California in the United States. It occurs in the San Jacinto Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains, and San Gabriel Mountains in Southern California and the Southern Sierra Nevada. It is a federally listed endangered species.[2]

Mountain yellow-legged frog
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Ranidae
Genus: Rana
Species:
R. muscosa
Binomial name
Rana muscosa
Camp, 1917

Populations of Rana muscosa in the northern Sierra Nevada have been redescribed as a new species, Rana sierrae, the Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog. This has been proposed as an endangered species as of 2013.[2] The mountains separating the headwaters of the South Fork and Middle Fork of the Kings River mark the boundary between the ranges of the two species.[1]

Description
Mountain yellow-legged frog

Rana muscosa is 4 to 8.9 centimeters long. Its color and patterning are variable. It is yellowish, brownish, or olive with black and brown markings. Its species name muscosa is from the Latin meaning "mossy" or "full of moss", inspired by its coloration. It may have light orange or yellow thighs. When handled, the frog emits a defensive odor reminiscent of garlic.[3]

Habitat

The frog occurs in mountain creeks, lakes and lakeshores, streams, and pools, preferring sunny areas. It rarely strays far from water, and can remain underwater for a very long time, likely through cutaneous gas exchange. The tadpoles require a permanent water habitat for at least two years while they develop. The frog has been noted at elevations of between about 1,214 and 7,546 feet (370 and 2,300 meters) in Southern California.[1]

Biology
Tadpole stage

The frog emerges from its wintering site soon after snowmelt. Its breeding season begins once the highest meltwater flow is over, around March through May in the southern part of its range, and up to July in higher mountains to the north. Fertilization is external, and the egg cluster is secured to vegetation in a current, or in still waters sometimes left floating free. The juvenile may be a tadpole for 3 to 4 years before undergoing metamorphosis.[3]

The frog lacks a vocal sac. Its call is raspy, rising at the end. During the day, it calls underwater.[3]

This species feeds on insects such as beetles, ants, bees, wasps, flies, and dragonflies. It is also known to eat tadpoles.[3]

Conservation status

The frog is an endangered species under the US Endangered Species Act. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has also listed it as endangered.[1] Its NatureServe conservation status is Imperiled.[4]

Decline

Once a common species, Rana muscosa was absent from much of its native range by the 1970s. Over the course of the last hundred years, 90% of its populations have been eliminated.[5] The frog was known from 166 locations in the Southern California mountains, and as of 2007, only seven or eight remained.[1] The 2009 discovery of R. muscosa at two locations in the San Bernardino National Forest was newsworthy.[6] The frog is represented in the Sierra Nevada by three or four populations.[1] Its decline is attributed to many factors, including introduced species of fish such as trout, livestock grazing,[7] chytrid fungus,[8] and probably pesticides, drought, and ultraviolet radiation.[7]

Introduced fish species

Trout were introduced to lakes and streams throughout the Sierra Nevada in the late 1800s to increase recreational fishing in the area. The fish feed on tadpoles, a main prey item. The introduced trout have changed the distribution of several native species in the local ecosystems.[5] After the removal of fish from several lakes, the frog reappeared and its populations increased.[5] It then began to disperse to other suitable habitats nearby.[9]

Pesticides

The decline of the frog from its historic range has been associated with pesticide drift from agricultural areas.[10][11] Frogs that have been reintroduced to water bodies cleared of fish have failed to survive, and analysis has isolated pesticides in their tissues.[12] Pesticides are considered by some authorities to be a greater threat to the frog than the trout.[13] The relative roles that pesticides and introduced fish play in frog declines are still debated, and the loss of R. muscosa in its former range has probably been influenced by multiple factors.[12]

Chytridiomycosis
Rana muscosa

This species is one of many amphibians affected by the fungal disease chytridiomycosis. Ample research has explored the biology of the fungus and how to prevent related amphibian declines.[8] The fungus attacks keratinized areas of a frog's body. Tadpoles are not severely affected because only their jaw sheaths and tooth rows are heavily keratinized.[14] Infection in a tadpole can be identified by changes in the pigmentation of these parts.[15] Adults have keratin-rich skin and suffer worse infections.

In studies, healthy adult frogs exposed to infected frogs for at least two weeks developed the disease. Transmission takes longer in tadpoles, generally over seven weeks.[15] Frogs may be predisposed to infection if their immune systems are weakened by other factors, such as pesticide.[16] Studies indicate that R. muscosa is naturally more susceptible to the chytrid fungus than many other frogs.[17]

Conservation

The first successful captive breeding of the frog occurred in 2009 when three tadpoles were reared at the San Diego Zoo. Conservation workers at the zoo plan to release any more surviving captive-bred frogs in the San Jacinto Mountains, part of their native range.[18][19]

In 2015 frogs and tadpoles of the species were reintroduced to Fuller Mill Creek in the San Bernardino Mountains and San Bernardino National Forest.[20] They were bred and raised the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for Conservation Research in Escondido, one of the organizations that have partnered with the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research (ICR) to save the species from extinction.[20] The Los Angeles Zoo is also a coalition partner and is raising two groups of wild collected tadpoles from two localities in the San Gabriel Mountains where they are released when ready.[20][21]

In 2015, the Oakland Zoo began a rehabilitation project of the frog in order to fuel efforts to save the species.[22] Every year, a group of tadpoles are taken from native lakes throughout California and brought to the zoo. There, the tadpoles are grown to juvenile frogs, while also undergoing an inoculation process to render them immune to the chytridiomycosis fungus disease. Once ready, the now chytrid immune juvenile frogs are released back into the lakes they were found. In 2016, the Oakland Zoo released 53 specimens into various lakes in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.[23] The program is set to release 130 inoculated individuals into lakes in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks and Inyo National Forest in 2017.

References
  1. Hammerson, G. (2008). Rana muscosa. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Downloaded on 05 August 2013.
  2. Mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa), United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
  3. Rana muscosa - Southern Mountain Yellow-legged Frog, California Herps: A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of California. 2013.
  4. Rana muscosa, NatureServe. 2012.
  5. Knapp, R. A., et al. (2007). "Removal of nonnative fish results in population expansion of a declining amphibian (mountain yellow-legged frog, Rana muscosa)' Biological Conservation 135(1):11-20.
  6. Nearly extinct California frog rediscovered. NBC News. July 24, 2009.
  7. Vredenburg, V. The Mountain Yellow-legged Frog - Can They be Saved? Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine Sierra Nature Notes Volume 1. January, 2001.
  8. The Amphibian Chytrid Fungus and Chytridiomycosis. Archived 2009-02-21 at the Wayback Machine Amphibianark.org. Retrieved 04 August 2013.
  9. Vredenburg, V. T. (2004). Reversing introduced species effects: experimental removal of introduced fish leads to rapid recovery of a declining frog. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(20):7646-50.
  10. Davidson, Carlos; Shaffer, H. Bradley & Jennings, Mark R. (2002). "Spatial tests of the pesticide drift, habitat destruction, UV-B, and climate-change hypotheses for California amphibian declines". Conservation Biology. 16 (6): 1588–1601. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01030.x.
  11. Davidson, Carlos (2004). "Declining downwind: amphibian population declines in California and historical pesticide use". Ecological Applications. 14 (6): 1892–1902. doi:10.1890/03-5224.
  12. Davidson, Carlos & Knapp, Roland A. (2007). "Multiple stressors and amphibian declines: dual impacts of pesticides and fish on yellow-legged frogs". Ecological Applications. 17 (2): 587–597. doi:10.1890/06-0181. PMID 17489262.
  13. Taylor, Sharon K.; Williams, Elizabeth S. & Mills, Ken W. (1999). "Effects of malathion on disease susceptibility in Woodhouse's toads". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 35 (3): 536–541. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-35.3.536. PMID 10479088.
  14. Andre, S. E., et al. (2008). Effect of temperature on host response to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa). Archived 2013-08-05 at Archive.today Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44(3):716-20.
  15. Rachowicz, L. J. and V. T. Vredenburg. (2004). Transmission of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis within and between amphibian life stages. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 61:75-83.
  16. Rachowicz, L. J., et al. (2006). Emerging infectious disease as a proximate cause of amphibian mass mortality. Ecology 87(7), 1671-83.
  17. Rollins-Smith, L. A., et al. (2006). Antimicrobial peptide defenses of the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa). Developmental & Comparative Immunology 30(9):831-42.
  18. Mountain Yellow-legged Frog Hopping for Survival. Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine San Diego Zoo Global.
  19. "Precious Cargo: Brighter Future For 100 Juvenile Mountain Yellow Legged Frogs, Tadpoles". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. November 7, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  20. SoCal Wild.com: "Building a Mountain Frogtown for Yellow-Legged Frogs"; Brenda Rees, editor; 10 August 2015.
  21. Sahagun, Louis (2019-08-15). "Meet the 'rock star' frog breeder vying to save Southern California's rarest amphibian". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  22. "Oakland Zoo". www.oaklandzoo.org. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2017-07-13.
  23. "From the Brink of Extinction: Oakland Zoo Releases Critically Endangered Frogs into the Wild : The Outdoor Wire". www.theoutdoorwire.com. Retrieved 2017-07-13.

Further reading

Data related to Rana muscosa at Wikispecies

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