Mount Katahdin

Mount Katahdin (/kəˈtɑːdɪn/ kə-TAH-din) is the highest mountain in the U.S. state of Maine at 5,269 feet (1,606 m). Named Katahdin by the Penobscot Native Americans, which means "The Greatest Mountain",[3] it is located within Northeast Piscataquis, Piscataquis County, and is the centerpiece of Baxter State Park. It is a steep, tall massif formed from a granite intrusion weathered to the surface. The flora and fauna on the mountain are typical of those found in northern New England.

"Katahdin" redirects here. For other uses, see Katahdin (disambiguation).
Mount Katahdin
Katahdin from 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
Highest point
Elevation5,269 ft (1,606 m)
Prominence4,288 ft (1,307 m) [1]
Listing
Coordinates45°54′16″N 68°55′17″W [2]
Geography
Mount Katahdin
Mount Katahdin
Mount Katahdin (the United States)
Parent rangeAppalachian Mountains
Topo mapUSGS Mount Katahdin
Geology
Age of rockDevonian, Acadian orogeny
Mountain typeGranite
Climbing
First ascent1804 by Charles Turner, Jr. (First ascent by a European)
Easiest routeHike, Abol Trail / Hunt Trail
3.8 miles (6.1 km)
Designated1967

Katahdin was known to the Native Americans in the region, and was known to Europeans at least since 1689. It has inspired hikes, climbs, journal narratives, paintings, and a piano sonata.[4] The area around the peak was protected by Governor Percival Baxter starting in the 1930s. Katahdin is the northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail, and is located near a stretch known as the Hundred-Mile Wilderness.

In 1967, Mount Katahdin was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.[5]

The mountain is commonly called just "Katahdin",[6] though the official name is "Mount Katahdin" as decided by the US Board on Geographic Names in 1893.[7]

Geography

Katahdin is in Baxter State Park, which is in east central Piscataquis County, about 25 mi (40 km) northwest of Millinocket. It is on the drainage divide between the East and West branches of the Penobscot River.

The mountain massif itself consists of multiple peaks. Baxter Peak is the tallest, and is the official northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail. South Peak and Pamola Peak are southeast and east of Baxter Peak, respectively, along the Knife Edge ridgeline, while Hamlin Peak lies to the north.

There is low lake country to the south and west of Katahdin, and lowlands extending east to the Atlantic and north to the Saint Lawrence River in Canada.

It is commonly thought that Katahdin is the first place in the United States mainland to receive sunlight in the morning, but this is incorrect. Other mountains lower in elevation but farther to the east or southeast see the first sunrise of the day, depending on the season.[8]

Natural history

Katahdin is part of a laccolith that formed in the Acadian orogeny when an island arc collided with eastern North America approximately 400 million years ago. On the sides of Katahdin are four glacial cirques carved into the granite by alpine glaciers and in these cirques behind moraines and eskers are several ponds.[9]

In Baxter State Park, many outcrops of sedimentary rocks have striations, whereas Katahdin Granite and Traveler Rhyolite lava have weathered surfaces on which striations are commonly not preserved. Bedrock surfaces of igneous rocks which were buried by glacial sediments and only recently exposed have well preserved striations, as in the vicinity of Ripogenus Dam. Several outcrops of sedimentary rocks along the Patten Road show striations, especially on the north side of the road at Hurricane Deck. A few outcrops near the Pattern Road just north of Horse Mountain are striated, as are several outcrops of sedimentary rocks along the road from Trout Brook Farm northward to Second Lake Matagamon.

Fauna include black bear, deer and moose as well as black flies and mosquitos in the spring. A subspecies of Arctic butterfly, known as the Katahdin Arctic (Oeneis polixenes katahdin) is specific to the area, and is currently listed as endangered.[10] Among the birds are Bicknell's thrush and various songbirds and raptors. A study of the animal communities was published by Irving H. Blake in 1926.[11] The flora includes pine, spruce, fir, hemlock, beech, maple, birch, aspen, and pincushion plant (Diapensia lapponica).

Mount Katahdin

Human history
Mount Katahdin from Millinocket Camp, by Frederic Edwin Church, 1895

Katahdin is referred to 60 years after Field's climb of Agiokochuk (Mount Washington) in the writings of John Gyles, a teenage colonist who was captured near Portland, Maine, in 1689 by the Abenaki. While in the company of Abenaki hunting parties, he traveled up and down several Maine rivers including both branches of the Penobscot, passing close to "Teddon". He remarked that it was higher than the White Hills above the Saco River.

Among some Native Americans, Katahdin was believed to be the home of the storm god Pamola, and thus an area to be avoided.[12]

The first recorded climb of "Catahrdin" was by Massachusetts surveyors Zackery Adley[13] and Charles Turner, Jr. in August 1804.[14] In the 1840s Henry David Thoreau climbed Katahdin, which he spelled "Ktaadn"; his ascent is recorded in a well-known chapter of The Maine Woods.[15] A few years later Theodore Winthrop wrote about his visit in Life in the Open Air. Painters Frederic Edwin Church and Marsden Hartley are well-known artists who created landscapes of Katahdin. On 30 November 2011, Christie's auctioned Church's 1860 painting Twilight (Katahdin) for $3.1 million.

In the 1930s Governor Percival Baxter began to acquire land and finally deeded more than 200,000 acres (809 km2) to the State of Maine for a park, named Baxter State Park after him. The summit was officially recognized by the US Board on Geographic Names as "Baxter Peak" in 1931.

The Appalachian Trail on Katahdin's Hunt Spur

Recreation opportunities

As the northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail and southern terminus of the International Appalachian Trail, Katahdin is a popular hiking and backpacking destination and the centerpiece of Baxter State Park. Baxter State Park is open year-round, though strictly regulated in winter. The overnight camping season is from May 15 to October 15 each year. Capacity limits have been placed on day use parking at the trailheads to minimize the overuse of trails.[16]

Mt. Katahdin has several trails leading up to Baxter, Pamola, or Hamlin Peaks[17] These trails start right up the mountain, but each trail on the mountain ends up taking eight to ten hours round-trip depending on ability.[18][19][20] The rest of the trails go up the north side or west side of the mountain. These are accessed from the Chimney Pond Trail. For these trails, hikers must park at the Roaring Brook Campground and hike in. All trails are maintained by the Baxter State Park Authority, which runs the State Park. All of the trails on the mountain are classified as very strenuous, the highest classification the Park Authority gives, except for Saddle (strenuous), Hamlin Ridge trail (moderate), and Chimney Pond (moderate).[17]

The most famous hike to the summit goes along Knife Edge, a glacial Arête which traverses the ridge between Pamola Peak and Baxter Peak. The mountain has claimed 23 lives between 1963 and 2012,[21] mostly from exposure in bad weather and falls from the Knife Edge. There have been more than 60 deaths on Katahdin since 1933 including October 8 and 9, 2020.[22] For about 3/10 of a mile the trail is 3 feet wide, with a drop off on either side. The Knife Edge is closed during periods of high wind.

Namesakes
360-degree panorama from the summit of Baxter Peak on Mount Katahdin

See also

References
  1. "Katahdin, Maine". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  2. "Katahdin 2". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  3. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 172.
  4. "Hovhaness: Khaldis; Mount Katahdin; Fantasy, Op. 16". Classical-music.com. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  5. "National Natural Landmarks - National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2019-03-22. Year designated: 1967
  6. Clark, Stephen (2003). Katahdin: A Guide to Baxter State Park & Katahdin. Clark Books. ISBN 0-9741677-6-2.
  7. "GNIS Detail - Mount Katahdin". geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  8. Trotter, Bill (October 22, 2011). "Where in Maine does the sun rise first?". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
  9. "Geology of Baxter State Park". Maine Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12.
  10. "Katahdin Arctic". Maine Dept of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife. Archived from the original on 2013-03-30.
  11. Blake, Irving H. (October 1926). "A comparison of the animal communities of coniferous and deciduous forests". Illinois Biological Monographs. 10 (4): 10–39.
  12. Eric Pinder. "Of Moose and Men...and Mountains". North to Katahdin. EricPinder.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-06. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  13. "Mount Katahdin – History, Geology, and Culture". University of Maine. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
  14. Turner, C. (1804). A Description of Mount Catardin (Second Series Vol. viii ed.). Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society.
  15. Henry David Thoreau (1864). "Ktaadn". The Maine woods. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. pp. 1–84. OCLC 12015878. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  16. "Parking lot capacities at Katahdin Trailheads". Baxter State Park Authority. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  17. "Baxter State Park Authority".
  18. "One Minute Hikes: Helon Taylor, Knife Edge, Abol".
  19. "One Minute Hikes: Cathedral".
  20. "One Minute Hikes: Saddle".
  21. "Hiking Tips & Wilderness Considerations". Baxter State Park Authority. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  22. Associated Press (October 9, 2020). "Hiker Found Dead on Katahdin a Day After Another Hiker Died". US News & World Report. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  23. "Katahdin". The Potato Association of America. Archived from the original on 2013-02-24. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
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