Moe (slang)

Moe (萌え, pronounced [mo.e] (listen)) is a Japanese word that refers to feelings of strong affection mainly towards characters (usually female) in anime, manga, video games, and other media directed at the otaku market. Moe, however, has also gained usage to refer to feelings of affection towards any subject.

A character that might appear in an anime or manga series that can elicit feelings of moe

Moe is related to neoteny and the feeling of "cuteness" a character can evoke. The word moe originated in the late 1980s and early 1990s in Japan and is of uncertain origin, although there are several theories on how it came into use. Moe characters have expanded through Japanese media, and the concept has been commercialised. Contests, both online and in the real world, exist for moe-styled things, including one run by one of the Japanese game rating boards. Various notable commentators such as Tamaki Saitō, Hiroki Azuma, and Kazuya Tsurumaki have also given their take on moe and its meaning.

Meaning
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Moe used in slang refers to feelings of affection, adoration, devotion, and excitement felt towards characters that appear in manga, anime, video games, and other media (usually Japanese). Characters that elicit feelings of moe are called "moe characters."[1][2] The word has also evolved to be used regarding all kinds of topics.[3][4][5] Included in the meaning of the word is the idea that "deep feelings felt towards a particular subject" is used in cases where a simple "like" is not enough to express the feeling.[2] The common feature in all feelings of moe is that the subject of such feelings is something that one cannot possibly have a real relationship with, like a fictional character, a pop idol, or an inorganic substance. It can be considered a kind of "pseudo-romance",[3] but it is not always seen to be the same as "romance".[3][5]

Origins

The term's origin and etymology are unknown. Anime columnist John Oppliger has outlined several popular theories describing how the term would have stemmed from the name of anime heroines, such as Hotaru Tomoe from Sailor Moon (Tomoe is written as 土萌, relevant kanji is the same) or Moe Sagisawa from the 1993 anime Kyōryū Wakusei.[6] Psychologist Tamaki Saitō identifies it as coming from the Japanese word for "budding", moeru (萌える).[7] Ken Kitabayashi of the Nomura Research Institute has defined moe as "being strongly attracted to one's ideals"[8] Kitabayashi has identified the word moe to be a pun with the Japanese godan (五段) verb for 'to sprout', moyasu (萌やす), and its homophone 'to burn', moyasu (燃やす).[8] Along the same line of thought, Kitabayashi has identified it to be a pun with the Japanese ichidan (一段) verb for 'to sprout' moeru (萌える) and its homophone 'to burn' moeru (燃える), which mean 'to burn' (in the sense of one's heart burning, or burning with passion).[8] Galbraith states that the term came from 2channel in the 1990s, discussing female characters who were "hybrids of the Lolicon (Lolita Complex) and bishoujo (beautiful girl) genres". This accurately describes the aforementioned Hotaru Tomoe, and coincides with her height of popularity in 2channel, giving strength to the theory that the term stemmed from her name.[9] Another reason why the term could have originated from Hotaru Tomoe is her background story. The term has been associated with characters that give off the aura that they need to be protected because they are vulnerable, and Hotaru fits that category; in the manga, a lab accident kills her mother and leaves Hotaru severely injured.[10]

Comiket organiser Ichikawa Koichi has described Lum Invader of Urusei Yatsura as being both the source of moe and the first tsundere.[11] The character of Clarisse from Hayao Miyazaki's The Castle of Cagliostro (1979) has also been cited as a potential ancestral example.[12] According to culture critic Hiroki Azuma, as Rei Ayanami became a more prominent character among fans, she "changed the rules" governing what people regarded as moe-inspiring. The industry has since created many characters which share her traits of pale skin, blue hair and a "quiet personality".[13]

Usage

Commercial application
See also: Moe anthropomorphism

Moe characters have expanded within the Japanese media market. In 2003, the market for moe media such as printed media, video, and games was worth 88 billion yen; roughly one-third of the estimated 290 billion yen otaku market in Japan.[14] In 2009, Brad Rice, editor-in-chief of Japanator, said that "moe has literally become an economic force" saying that more products use some element of moe in order to sell better. Rice also goes on to say that moe is used to get anime and manga works out to "hardcore fans who buy excessive amounts of items related to the character of their desire."[15]

John Oppliger from AnimeNation traced the first decade of the 2000s as the time when moe became increasingly popular and recognized. Commercialization was a result of interest that followed, and moe evolved from being a non-sexual desire to being a sexually sublimated fascination with cuteness. Oppliger goes on to say that moe shifted entirely from an interchange between character and viewer, to a focused fetish of viewers. Examples used by Oppliger include the series; K-On, Lucky Star, and Moetan where he points out they are "revolved around adorable, whimsical, clumsy, early-adolescent girl characters in order to evoke, enflame, and manipulate the interests and affections of viewers." Rather than evoking moe feelings, they were literally moe characters that had defining characteristics of the moe style. Oppliger referred to these girl characters as "adorably cute, just a bit sexually appealing, and self-conscious but not yet cynical" going on to say that they demand notice and adoration, rather than passively earning it.[16]

With moe anthropomorphism, moe characteristics are applied to give human elements to non-human objects. The Gradius video game series features a spaceship named Vic Viper. For a spin-off game, moe is applied to Vic Viper to create Otomedius.[17]

Sexual attraction

Sometimes feelings of moe towards fictional characters include "sexual excitement", or are understood in the context where "lots of beautiful girls and boobs appear."[18][19] In these cases, feelings of pure affection that gradually become stronger over time can lead to these feelings of eroticism.[20]

Moe, however, is also considered to be distinct from pure lust. While small amounts of lust is generally considered moe, a feeling that focuses too heavily on lust is considered outside the scope of moe.[20] In a light novel by Nagaru Tanigawa, one of the characters mentions that the distinction between moe and pure lust can be made based on whether one can still maintain feelings of affection even after one has indulged in masturbation.[21] According to commentator, Tōru Honda who considers moe to be "romance within one's head", the ideal kind of love within moe is "romantic love".[22]

Contests

Several informal contests or rankings for characters considered to be moe exist on the internet. One such contest is the Anime Saimoe Tournament, organized by members of the textboard 2channel, which ran every year from 2002, until its cancellation after the 2014 contest due to declining interest.[23] Moe characters from the fiscal year starting July 1 and ending June 30 the following year were eligible. Each tournament had at least 280 moe characters.[24] Spin-offs of the Saimoe Tournament include RPG Saimoe, which has video game characters, and SaiGAR, a competition between the "manliest men of anime".[25] In 2006 and 2007, the Saimoe Tournament became an increasingly international event; 2channel users obliged foreign otaku by putting up an English version of their rules page.[24] The International Saimoe League, also known as ISML, is another online moe popularity contest that is for a worldwide audience.[26] The contest started in 2008 and was held annually. Initially, only female characters were eligible, a male exhibition tournament was added in 2011, which would take place after the end of the main tournament. It was made into an official tournament alongside the female characters in 2015.

Moe contests also exist in magazine publications, and in the real world. The Moe Game Awards are given annually to bishōjo games published that year in various categories, such as background music, character design, fandisc, graphics, and erotic content. They were started in 2006 as the Bishōjo Game Awards, but their name was changed to Moe Game Awards in 2009.[27] It is sponsored by the Japanese game rating board Ethics Organization of Computer Software (EOCS) and is described by them as "an R18 game industry version of the Academy Awards".[28] Magazines that have moe contests in them include the Japanese magazine Dengeki Moeoh which runs a column called "Moeoh Rankings" (萌王ランキング) and features the top 10 moe characters of the month, as determined by reader votes.[29]

Commentary

There are various interpretations of the concept of moe,[3][30] and the subject has been heavily discussed.[31] Psychologist Tamaki Saitō considers the moe used by otaku to be the embodiment of their particular kind of sexuality.[32] Saitō points out that while otaku creations fulfill an abnormal impression of sexuality, few otaku actually apply this impression to real life.[32] He thus argues that moe is something that sustains the otaku's sexuality within a fictional world, with the fiction itself being their subject of desire and having no need for reality.[33]

On the other hand, critic Hiroki Azuma rejects Saitō's argument as "too complicated."[34] Azuma argues that "to moe" is simply the act of analyzing each of the character's moe characteristics and expending those characteristics within the mind, and thus differs from mere feelings of empathy.[35] Azuma sees it as an otaku's act of satisfying their desires among their limited relations and thus "animalization," simplifying Saito's idea of moe into the idea of attaining signals of sexual excitement within an isolated environment, and is therefore nothing more than the act of trained animals.[36]

In contrast, Tōru Honda argues against the idea that moe is simply "the act of arousal in response to signals, and thus animalization" and argues that this interpretation does not allow one to recall the essence of moe.[37] Honda considers moe to be the act of remembering ideals among the background signals, an act of necessity that arose as the romance rejected by religion continued to be supported by materialism, and thus interprets it as a mental activity relevant to the contexts of mythology and religion.[38] Furthermore, Honda asserts that this "animalization" phenomenon only arose after the "economic bubble" period of Japan, when people consumed real romance- and sex-like products,[37] and says that since moe is commonly interpreted to be in competition with the act of searching for romance in real life, it is thus the antithesis of male-dominant machoism.[39] Also, while Saitō doesn't distinguish moe from more violent types of sexual abnormalities and speaks of moe in the context of "sentō bishōjo" (beautiful fighting girl),[40] Honda on the other hand treats moe as the polar opposite of the hunter-ish kind of sexuality featuring in more fiendish works like those by Henry Darger.[41]

Anime director Kazuya Tsurumaki defines moe to be "the act of filling in missing information about characters on one's own." Accepting this view, writer Junji Hotta explains that characters are born from human instinct, which is the exact reason why one can be charmed by them much more than one could by real people.[42] Toshio Okada says that while he himself has not fully understood moe, he defines it as not simply being stirred emotionally by beautiful girls, but also as the meta-viewpoint of seeing oneself falling into such a state.[43]

In "The Moe Manifesto,[44] anthropologist Patrick Galbraith defines moe as an affective response to fictional characters or representations of them. The applications of this definition are widespread to political, economic, and cultural discourses. For an example in practice, Matthew Brummer describes how Japan's Self Defense Force utilizes popular culture and the moe that it engenders to shape public perceptions of the military establishment: The Manga Military.[45]

See also

References
  1. 別冊宝島vol421、246頁。
  2. "ことば：萌えキャラ". 毎日新聞山梨版. 毎日新聞社. 2011-08-29. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
  3. 榎本 2009, pp. 30–31
  4. 榎本 2009, p. 61
  5. "もえ【×萌え】". dictionary.goo.ne.jp. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
  6. "What is Moe?", Ask John (blog), AnimeNation, 2004-01-30
  7. Tamaki, Saitou (2007), "Otaku Sexuality", in Bolton, Christopher; Csicsery-Ronay, Istvan, Jr; Tatsumi, Takayuki (eds.), Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams, University of Minnesota Press, p. 230, ISBN 978-0-8166-4974-7
  8. Kitabayashi, Ken (2004), The Otaku Group from a Business Perspective: Revaluation of Enthusiastic Customers (PDF), JP: Nomura Research Institute, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-07, retrieved 2009-10-29
  9. Galbraith, Patrick W. (2009). "Moe: Exploring Virtual Potential in Post-Millennial Japan". Electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies.
  10. Takeuchi, Naoko (1991). Sailor Moon. Kodansha.
  11. Galbraith, Patrick W. (2009). The Otaku Encyclopedia: An Insider's Guide to the Subculture of Cool Japan. Kodansha International. p. 46. ISBN 978-4-7700-3101-3.
  12. Richmond, Simon (2009). The Rough Guide to Anime. Penguin Books.
  13. Azuma, Hiroki. (2009) Otaku: Japan's Database Animals. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press pp. 48-52
  14. "Moe Market Worth 88 Billion Yen". Anime News Network. 2005-04-25. Retrieved 2007-11-02.
  15. Rice, Brad (2009-07-28). "'Just what on earth is moe?' is the question of the day". Japanator. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
  16. Oppliger, John (2012-05-28). "Ask John: What Are the Defining Moé Anime?". AnimeNation Anime News Blog. Ask John. Archived from the original on 2015-05-21. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
  17. McWhertor, Michael (2007-02-16). "Konami: Boobs + Gradius = Otomedius". Kotaku. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  18. ジャパンナレッジ（Yahoo!辞書）, ネットアドバンス, 2003-06-28, retrieved 2011-09-06
  19. "女子高生のリアル"けいおん部"がアツい!「アニメもアニソンも普通」【後編】". nikkan-spa.jp. 2011-12-02. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
  20. 藤山哲人 (2008-07-31). "萌えは「薄めたカ○ピス」だ". ASCII×ITmedia対談 2社合同、夏の特別企画（後編）. アスキー・メディアワークス. p. 2頁. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
  21. 谷川流 (2005-04-25). 絶望系 閉じられた世界. 電撃文庫. メディアワークス. p. 60. ISBN 4-8402-3021-8.
  22. 本田 2005, pp. 81–82
  23. "Unofficial English Saimoe site". Retrieved 2013-07-19.
  24. "Saimoe 2007 English". 2ch. Archived from the original on 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  25. SaiGAR 2007
  26. "International Saimoe League". Internationalsaimoe.com. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  27. ja:萌えゲーアワード
  28. Ethics Organization of Computer Software. 萌えゲーアワードの後援 [Moe Game Awards Sponsor] (in Japanese). Retrieved 2013-02-04.
  29. "萌王ランキング". Dengeki Moeoh. MediaWorks (10): 143. 2007.
  30. ササキバラ・ゴウ (2004-05-20). 〈美少女〉の現代史――「萌え」とキャラクター. 講談社現代新書. 講談社. p. 20. ISBN 4-06-149718-9.
  31. 榎本 2009, pp. 18–19
  32. 斎藤 2000, pp. 49–55
  33. 斎藤 2000, pp. 248,256
  34. 東 2001, pp. 129–131
  35. 東 2001, pp. 75–78
  36. 東 2001, pp. 125–141
  37. 本田 2005, pp. 85–88
  38. 本田 2005, pp. 85–88,190–192,213–215
  39. 本田 2005, pp. 144,155
  40. 斎藤 2000, pp. 51–52,186–187,274
  41. 本田 2005, p. 158
  42. 堀田純司 "Moemoe japan 2 chō en shijō no moeru kōzō" 『萌え萌えジャパン 2兆円市場の萌える構造』 講談社、2005年、24-25頁。ISBN 978-4063646351。
  43. 岡田斗司夫 『オタクはすでに死んでいる』 新潮社、2008年、27-28頁・100-101頁。ISBN 978-4106102585。
  44. "The Moe Manifesto: An Insider's Look at the Worlds of Manga, Anime, and Gaming | tuttle publishing". tuttle.co.jp. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
  45. Brummer, Matthew. "Japan: The Manga Military". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2016-01-22.

Bibliography
  • Kūsō bishōjo dai hyakka dennō moemoe bishōjo dai shūgō ! 空想美少女大百科 電脳萌え萌え美少女大集合!. 別冊宝島 421 (in Japanese). 宝島社. 1999-01-03. ISBN 4-7966-9421-8.
  • Tamaki Saitō 斎藤環 (2000-04-27). Sentō bishōjo no seishin bunseki 戦闘美少女の精神分析 [Psychoanalysis of Beautiful Fighting Girl] (in Japanese). 太田出版. ISBN 4-87233-513-9.
  • 東浩紀 (2001-11-20). Dōbutsu ka suru posuto modan otaku kara mi ta nippon shakai 動物化するポストモダン オタクから見た日本社会. 講談社現代新書 (in Japanese). 講談社. ISBN 4-06-149575-5.
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  • 榎本秋（編）, ed. (2009-06-05). Otaku no koto ga omoshiroi hodo wakaru hon オタクのことが面白いほどわかる本 [An Easy Guide to Otaku] (in Japanese) (第1刷 ed.). 中経出版. pp. 14–20, 30–31, 61頁. ISBN 978-4-8061-3358-2.

Further reading
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