Mindfulness-based stress reduction

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an eight-week evidence-based program that offers secular, intensive mindfulness training to assist people with stress, anxiety, depression and pain.[1][2][3] Developed at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in the 1970s by Professor Jon Kabat-Zinn, MBSR uses a combination of mindfulness meditation, body awareness, yoga and exploration of patterns of behaviour, thinking, feeling and action.[1][4] Mindfulness can be understood as the non-judgemental acceptance and investigation of present experience, including body sensations, internal mental states, thoughts, emotions, impulses and memories, in order to reduce suffering or distress and to increase well-being.[1][5] Mindfulness meditation is a method by which attention skills are cultivated, emotional regulation is developed, as well as rumination and worry are significantly reduced.[5][6][1] During the past decades, mindfulness meditation has been the subject of more controlled clinical research, which suggests its potential beneficial effects for mental health,[7][8][9] as well as physical health.[10][11][12] While MBSR has its roots in spiritual teachings, the program itself is secular.[1] The MBSR program is described in detail in Kabat-Zinn's 1990 book Full Catastrophe Living.[1]

Part of a series on
Mindfulness
Buddhism
Psychology
Other
Similar concepts
Category:Mindfulness

History
Jon Kabat-Zinn, founder of the Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Clinic

In 1979 Jon Kabat-Zinn founded the Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, and nearly twenty years later the Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care and Society at the University of Massachusetts Medical School.[4] Both these institutions supported the growth and implementation of MBSR into hospitals worldwide.[1] Kabat-Zinn described the MBSR program in detail in his bestselling 1990 book Full Catastrophe Living, which was reissued in a revised edition in 2013.[1] In 1993 the MBSR course taught by Jon Kabat-Zinn was featured in Bill Moyer's Healing from Within.[13] In the year 2015, close to 80% of medical schools are reported[14] to offer some element of mindfulness training, and research and education centers dedicated to mindfulness have proliferated.

Program
See also: Full Catastrophe Living

A meta-analysis described MBSR as "a group program that focuses upon the progressive acquisition of mindful awareness, of mindfulness".[15] The MBSR program is an eight-week workshop taught by certified trainers that entails weekly group meetings (2.5 hour classes) and a one-day retreat (seven-hour mindfulness practice) between sessions six and seven, homework (45 minutes daily), and instruction in three formal techniques: mindfulness meditation, body scanning and simple yoga postures.[1] Group discussions and exploration - of experience of the meditation practice and its application to life - is a central part of the program. Body scanning is the first prolonged formal mindfulness technique taught during the first four weeks of the course, and entails quietly sitting or lying and systematically focusing one's attention on various regions of the body, starting with the toes and moving up slowly to the top of the head.[1][4] MBSR is based on non-judging, non-striving, acceptance, letting go, beginners mind, patience, trust, and non-centering.[16][1]

According to Kabat-Zinn, the basis of MBSR is mindfulness, which he defined as "moment-to-moment, non-judgmental awareness."[1] During the program, participants are asked to focus on informal practice as well by incorporating mindfulness into their daily routines.[1] Focusing on the present is thought to heighten sensitivity to the environment and one’s own reactions to it, consequently enhancing self-management and coping. It also provides an outlet from ruminating on the past or worrying about the future, breaking the cycle of these maladaptive cognitive processes.[17]

Scientific evidence of the debilitating effects of stress on human body and its evolutionary origins were pinpointed by the ground-breaking work[18] of Robert Sapolsky, and explored for lay readers in the book Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers.[19] Engaging in mindfulness mediation brings about significant reductions in psychological stress,[7][20][21] and appears to prevent the associated physiological changes and biological clinical manifestations that happen as a result of psychological stress.[11][12][10]

Extent of practice

According to a 2014 article in Time magazine, mindfulness meditation is becoming popular among people who would not normally consider meditation.[22] The curriculum started by Kabat-Zinn at University of Massachusetts Medical Center has produced nearly 1,000 certified MBSR instructors who are in nearly every state in the US and more than 30 countries. Corporations such as General Mills have made it available to their employees or set aside rooms for meditation. Democratic Congressman Tim Ryan published a book in 2012 titled A Mindful Nation and he has helped organize regular group meditation periods on Capitol Hill.[22][23]

Methods of practice
See also: Full Catastrophe Living

Mindfulness-based stress reduction classes and programs are offered by various facilities including hospitals, retreat centers, and various yoga facilities.[24] Typically the programs focus on teaching

  • mind and body awareness to reduce the physiological effects of stress, pain or illness
  • experiential exploration of experiences of stress and distress to develop less emotional reactivity
  • equanimity in the face of change and loss that is natural to any human life
  • non-judgemental awareness in daily life
  • promote serenity and clarity in each moment
  • to experience more joyful life and access inner resources for healing and stress management
  • mindfulness meditation

Evaluation of effectiveness

Mindfulness-based approaches have been found to be beneficial for healthy adults[7][25][26] for adolescents and children,[27][28] as well as for different health-related outcomes including eating disorders,[29][30][31] psychiatric conditions,[32][33][34][35] pain management [36][5][37] sleep disorders,[38][39] cancer care,[40][41] psychological distress, and for coping with health-related conditions.[42][43][44][45] As a major subject of increasing research interest, 52 papers were published in 2003, rising to 477 by 2012.[22] Nearly 100 randomized controlled trials had been published by early 2014.[46]

Research regarding mindfulness-based stress reduction among post-secondary students has been shown to alleviate psychological distress, something commonly found within this particular age group. In one study, the long-term impact of an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) treatment extended to two months after the intervention was completed.[47]

Another group of people the mindfulness-based approach has impacted are those suffering from eating disorders. MBSR treatment has been shown to help some to improve the way they view of their bodies.[48] Interventions, such as mindfulness-based approaches, which focus on effective coping skills and improving one’s relationship with themselves through increased self-compassion can positively impact a person’s body image and contribute to overall well-being.

Research suggests mindfulness training improves focus, attention, and ability to work under stress.[49][50][51] Mindfulness may also have potential benefits for cardiovascular health.[52][53][54] Evidence suggests efficacy of mindfulness meditation in the treatment of substance use disorders.[55][56][57] Mindfulness training may also be beneficial for people with fibromyalgia.[58][59][60]

In addition, recent research has explored the ability of mindfulness-based stress reduction to increase self-compassion and enhance the well-being of those who are caregivers, specifically mothers, for youth struggling with substance use disorders.[61] Mindfulness-based interventions allowed for the mothers to experience a decrease in stress as well as a better relationship with themselves which resulted in improved interpersonal relationships.

The impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction is not limited to struggling individuals, or people involved with struggling individuals, but has been found to have positive effects on healthy people as well. In 2019, a study was conducted in which the minds of healthy participants who underwent an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program were observed.[62] In a study by Roca et al. (2019), five pillars in accordance to MBSR were established, which included mindfulness, compassion, psychological well-being, psychological distress and emotional-cognitive control. Psychological functions were observed in conjunction with the five previously mentioned categories and measured with questionnaires. The ultimate discovery from this study was the connection between the five categories. Overall, mindfulness and well-being were most significant measures being observed.

Mindfulness-based interventions and their impact have become prevalent in every-day life, especially when rooted in an academic setting. After interviewing children, of the average age of 11, it was apparent that mindfulness had contributed to their ability to regulate their emotions.[63] In addition to these findings, these children expressed that the more mindfulness was incorporated by their school and teachers, the easier it was to apply its principles.

Mindfulness-based stress approaches have been shown to increase self-compassion. Higher levels of self-compassion have been found to greatly reduce stress.[64] In addition, as self-compassion increases it seems as though self-awareness increases as well.[64] This finding has been observed to occur during treatment as well as a result at the conclusion, and even after, treatment. Self-compassion is both a result and an informative factor of the effectiveness of mindfulness-based approaches.

See also

References
  1. Kabat-Zinn J (2013). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. New York: Bantam Dell. ISBN 978-0345539724.
  2. "Mindfulness meditation: A research-proven way to reduce stress". American Psychological Association, 2020. October 30, 2019.
  3. Paulus MP (January 2016). "Neural Basis of Mindfulness Interventions that Moderate the Impact of Stress on the Brain". Neuropsychopharmacology. 41 (1): 373. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.239. PMC 4677133. PMID 26657952.
  4. Kabat‐Zinn J. (2003). "Mindfulness‐based interventions in context: past, present, and future". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 10 (2): 144–156. doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016.
  5. Creswell JD (January 2017). "Mindfulness Interventions". Annual Review of Psychology. 68: 491–516. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139. PMID 27687118.
  6. Gu J, Strauss C, Bond R, Cavanagh K (April 2015). "How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies". Clinical Psychology Review. 37: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.006. PMID 25689576.
  7. Khoury B, Sharma M, Rush SE, Fournier C (June 2015). "Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 78 (6): 519–28. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009. PMID 25818837.
  8. Goldberg SB, Tucker RP, Greene PA, Davidson RJ, Wampold BE, Kearney DJ, Simpson TL (February 2018). "Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology Review. 59: 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011. PMC 5741505. PMID 29126747.
  9. Boyd JE, Lanius RA, McKinnon MC (January 2018). "Mindfulness-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the treatment literature and neurobiological evidence". Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 43 (1): 7–25. doi:10.1503/jpn.170021. PMC 5747539. PMID 29252162.
  10. Black DS, Slavich GM. (2016). "Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1373 (1): 13–24. Bibcode:2016NYASA1373...13B. doi:10.1111/nyas.12998. PMC 4940234. PMID 26799456.
  11. Karunamuni N, Imayama I, Goonetilleke D. (2020). "Pathways to well-being: Untangling the causal relationships among biopsychosocial variables". Social Science & Medicine: 112846. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112846. PMID 32089388.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. Creswell JD, Lindsay EK, Villalba DK, Chin, B. (2019). "Mindfulness training and physical health: mechanisms and outcomes". Psychosomatic Medicine. 81 (3): 224–232. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000675. PMC 6613793. PMID 30806634.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. "Healing From Within". BillMoyers.com. Retrieved 2020-06-12.
  14. Buchholz, Laura (Oct 2015). "Exploring the Promise of Mindfulness as Medicine". JAMA. 314 (13): 1327–1329. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.7023. PMID 26441167.
  15. Grossman, P.; Niemann, L.; Schmidt, S.; Walach, H. (2010). "Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis". Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 8 (4): 35–43. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7166.2003.tb04008.x. PMID 15256293.
  16. Frewen, P. A.; Evans, E.M.; Maraj, N.; Dozois, D. J.; Partridge, K. (2008). "Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 32 (6): 758–774. doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9142-1. S2CID 17323996.
  17. Hayes, Steven C.; Villatte, Matthieu; Levin, Michael; Hildebrandt, Mikaela (2011-01-01). "Open, Aware, and Active: Contextual Approaches as an Emerging Trend in the Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 7 (1): 141–168. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104449. PMID 21219193.
  18. Sapolsky, Robert (1982). "The endocrine stress-response and social status in the wild baboon". Hormones and Behavior. 16 (3): 279–292. doi:10.1016/0018-506X(82)90027-7. PMID 6890939. S2CID 41960639.
  19. Sapolsky, Robert (2004). Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers. USA: Holt paperbacks. p. 560. ISBN 978-0805073690.
  20. Sharma M, Rush SE (October 2014). "Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a stress management intervention for healthy individuals: a systematic review". Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 19 (4): 271–86. doi:10.1177/2156587214543143. PMID 25053754.
  21. Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Witt AA, Oh D (April 2010). "The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 78 (2): 169–83. doi:10.1037/a0018555. PMC 2848393. PMID 20350028.
  22. Pickert, K. (February 2014). "The art of being mindful. Finding peace in a stressed-out, digitally dependent culture may just be a matter of thinking differently". Time. 183 (4): 40–6. PMID 24640415.
  23. Rojas, Warren (January 8, 2014). "A Meditation on the Quiet Time Caucus". Roll Call. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  24. "Mindfulness based stress reduction at El Camino Hospital, Mountain View, CA". El Camino Hospital. 2015.
  25. Vonderlin, Ruben; Biermann, Miriam; Bohus, Martin; Lyssenko, Lisa (2 March 2020). "Mindfulness-Based Programs in the Workplace: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Mindfulness. 11 (7): 1579–1598. doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01328-3.
  26. Dawson AF, Brown WW, Anderson J, Datta B, Donald JN, Hong K, et al. (November 2019). "Mindfulness-Based Interventions for University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials". Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being. 12 (2): 384–410. doi:10.1111/aphw.12188. PMID 31743957.
  27. Zenner C, Herrnleben-Kurz S, Walach H (2014). "Mindfulness-based interventions in schools-a systematic review and meta-analysis". Frontiers in Psychology. 5: 603. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00603. PMC 4075476. PMID 25071620.
  28. Dunning DL, Griffiths K, Kuyken W, Crane C, Foulkes L, Parker J, Dalgleish T (March 2019). "Research Review: The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on cognition and mental health in children and adolescents - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 60 (3): 244–258. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12980. PMC 6546608. PMID 30345511.
  29. Sala, Margarita; Shankar Ram, Shruti; Vanzhula, Irina A.; Levinson, Cheri A. (25 February 2020). "Mindfulness and eating disorder psychopathology: A meta‐analysis". International Journal of Eating Disorders. 53 (6): 834–851. doi:10.1002/eat.23247. PMID 32100320.
  30. Carrière, K.; Khoury, B.; Günak, M. M.; Knäuper, B. (February 2018). "Mindfulness-based interventions for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Obesity Reviews. 19 (2): 164–177. doi:10.1111/obr.12623. PMID 29076610. S2CID 44877765.
  31. Rogers JM, Ferrari M, Mosely K, Lang CP, Brennan L (January 2017). "Mindfulness-based interventions for adults who are overweight or obese: a meta-analysis of physical and psychological health outcomes". Obesity Reviews. 18 (1): 51–67. doi:10.1111/obr.12461. hdl:10072/393029. PMID 27862826. S2CID 3977651.
  32. Xue, Jiaming; Zhang, Yun; Huang, Ying (June 2019). "A meta-analytic investigation of the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on ADHD symptoms". Medicine. 98 (23): e15957. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000015957. PMC 6571280. PMID 31169722.
  33. Cavicchioli, Marco; Movalli, Mariagrazia; Maffei, Cesare (2018). "The Clinical Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Treatments for Alcohol and Drugs Use Disorders: A Meta-Analytic Review of Randomized and Nonrandomized Controlled Trials". European Addiction Research. 24 (3): 137–162. doi:10.1159/000490762. PMID 30016796.
  34. Spijkerman, M.P.J.; Pots, W.T.M.; Bohlmeijer, E.T. (April 2016). "Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions in improving mental health: A review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Clinical Psychology Review. 45: 102–114. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.009. PMID 27111302.
  35. Hofmann, Stefan G.; Sawyer, Alice T.; Witt, Ashley A.; Oh, Diana (2010). "The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 78 (2): 169–183. doi:10.1037/a0018555. ISSN 1939-2117. PMC 2848393. PMID 20350028.
  36. Hilton, Lara; Hempel, Susanne; Ewing, Brett A.; Apaydin, Eric; Xenakis, Lea; Newberry, Sydne; Colaiaco, Ben; Maher, Alicia Ruelaz; Shanman, Roberta M.; Sorbero, Melony E.; Maglione, Margaret A. (22 September 2016). "Mindfulness Meditation for Chronic Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 51 (2): 199–213. doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9844-2. PMC 5368208. PMID 27658913.
  37. Zeidan F, Martucci KT, Kraft RA, Gordon NS, McHaffie JG, Coghill RC (April 2011). "Brain mechanisms supporting the modulation of pain by mindfulness meditation". The Journal of Neuroscience. 31 (14): 5540–8. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5791-10.2011. PMC 3090218. PMID 21471390.
  38. Wang, Yuan-Yuan; Wang, Fei; Zheng, Wei; Zhang, Ling; Ng, Chee H.; Ungvari, Gabor S.; Xiang, Yu-Tao (2020). "Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Insomnia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Behavioral Sleep Medicine. 18 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1080/15402002.2018.1518228. PMID 30380915. S2CID 53201885.
  39. Kanen, Jonathan; Nazir, Racha; Sedky, Karim; Pradhan, Basant (30 April 2015). "The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Sleep Disturbance: A Meta-Analysis". Adolescent Psychiatry. 5 (2): 105–115. doi:10.2174/2210676605666150311222928.
  40. Xunlin, NG; Lau, Ying; Klainin-Yobas, Piyanee (2020). "The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions among cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Supportive Care in Cancer. 28 (4): 1563–1578. doi:10.1007/s00520-019-05219-9. PMID 31834518. S2CID 209331542.
  41. Xie, Congyan; Dong, Bei; Wang, Lihong; Jing, Xiuchen; Wu, Yin; Lin, Lu; Tian, Li (March 2020). "Mindfulness-based stress reduction can alleviate cancer- related fatigue: A meta-analysis". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 130: 109916. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109916. PMID 31927347.
  42. DiRenzo, Dana; Crespo-Bosque, Monica; Gould, Neda; Finan, Patrick; Nanavati, Julie; Bingham, Clifton O. (18 October 2018). "Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Rheumatoid Arthritis". Current Rheumatology Reports. 20 (12): 75. doi:10.1007/s11926-018-0787-4. PMC 6233984. PMID 30338418.
  43. Simpson, Robert; Simpson, Sharon; Ramparsad, Nitish; Lawrence, Maggie; Booth, Jo; Mercer, Stewart W. (February 2020). "Effects of Mindfulness-based interventions on physical symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis – a systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 38: 101493. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.101493. PMID 31835209.
  44. Guo, Jia; Wang, Hongjuan; Luo, Jiaxin; Guo, Yi; Xie, Yun; Lei, Beimei; Wiley, James; Whittemore, Robin (11 December 2019). "Factors influencing the effect of mindfulness-based interventions on diabetes distress: a meta-analysis". BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 7 (1): e000757. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000757. PMC 6936501. PMID 31908794.
  45. Demarzo, M. M. P.; Montero-Marin, J.; Cuijpers, P.; Zabaleta-del-Olmo, E.; Mahtani, K. R.; Vellinga, A.; Vicens, C.; Lopez-del-Hoyo, Y.; Garcia-Campayo, J. (9 November 2015). "The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Primary Care: A Meta-Analytic Review". The Annals of Family Medicine. 13 (6): 573–582. doi:10.1370/afm.1863. PMC 4639383. PMID 26553897.
  46. Hurley, Dan (January 14, 2014). "Breathing In vs. Spacing Out". New York Times Magazine. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  47. Felver, Joshua C.; Morton, Melissa L.; Clawson, Adam J. (2018). "Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Reduces Psychological Distress in College Students". College Student Journal. 52 (3): 291–298. ISSN 0146-3934.
  48. Khoshkerdar, Parya; Raeisi, Zohreh (March 2020). "The effect of mindfulness‐based stress reduction on body image concerns of adolescent girls with dysfunctional eating attitudes". Australian Journal of Psychology. 72 (1): 11–19. doi:10.1111/ajpy.12265. ISSN 0004-9530.
  49. Lazar SW, Kerr CE, Wasserman RH, et al. (November 2005). "Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness". NeuroReport. 16 (17): 1893–7. doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000186598.66243.19. PMC 1361002. PMID 16272874.
  50. Cloud, John (2010-08-06). "Losing Focus? Studies Say Meditation May Help". Time.
  51. Krompinger J., Baime M. J. (2007). "Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention". Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. 7 (2): 109–119. doi:10.3758/CABN.7.2.109. PMID 17672382.
  52. Levine, Glenn N.; Lange, Richard A.; Bairey‐Merz, C. Noel; Davidson, Richard J.; Jamerson, Kenneth; Mehta, Puja K.; Michos, Erin D.; Norris, Keith; Ray, Indranill Basu; Saban, Karen L.; Shah, Tina; Stein, Richard; Smith, Sidney C. (11 October 2017). "Meditation and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction". Journal of the American Heart Association. 6 (10). doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.002218. PMC 5721815. PMID 28963100.
  53. Grierson AB, Hickie IB, Naismith SL, Scott J. (2016). "The role of rumination in illness trajectories in youth: linking trans-diagnostic processes with clinical staging models". Psychol. Med. 46 (12): 2467–2484. doi:10.1017/S0033291716001392. PMC 4988274. PMID 27352637.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  54. Pascoe, Michaela C.; Thompson, David R.; Jenkins, Zoe M.; Ski, Chantal F. (December 2017). "Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 95: 156–178. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.004. PMID 28863392.
  55. Sancho M, De Gracia M, Rodríguez RC, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Sánchez-González J, Trujols J, Sánchez I, Jiménez-Murcia S and Menchón JM. (2018). "Mindfulness-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Substance and Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review". Front. Psychiatry. 9 (95): 95. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00095. PMC 5884944. PMID 29651257.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. Chiesa A, Serretti A (April 2014). "Are mindfulness-based interventions effective for substance use disorders? A systematic review of the evidence". Substance Use & Misuse. 49 (5): 492–512. doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.770027. PMID 23461667. S2CID 34990668.
  57. Garland EL, Froeliger B, Howard MO (January 2014). "Mindfulness training targets neurocognitive mechanisms of addiction at the attention-appraisal-emotion interface". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 4: 173. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00173. PMC 3887509. PMID 24454293.
  58. Adler-Neal, Adrienne L.; Zeidan, Fadel (27 July 2017). "Mindfulness Meditation for Fibromyalgia: Mechanistic and Clinical Considerations". Current Rheumatology Reports. 19 (9): 59. doi:10.1007/s11926-017-0686-0. PMC 5693231. PMID 28752493.
  59. Henke, Miriam; Chur-Hansen, Anna (5 June 2014). "The effectiveness of mindfulness-based programs on physical symptoms and psychological distress in patients with fibromyalgia: A systematic review". International Journal of Wellbeing. 4 (1): 28–45. doi:10.5502/ijw.v4i1.2.
  60. Lauche, Romy; Cramer, Holger; Dobos, Gustav; Langhorst, Jost; Schmidt, Stefan (December 2013). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness-based stress reduction for the fibromyalgia syndrome". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 75 (6): 500–510. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.10.010. PMID 24290038.
  61. Smith, Jacqueline M.; Bright, Katherine S.; Mader, Joel; Smith, Jennifer; Afzal, Arfan Raheen; Patterson, Charmaine; Dimitropolous, Gina; Crowder, Rachael (April 2020). "A pilot of a mindfulness based stress reduction intervention for female caregivers of youth who are experiencing substance use disorders". Addictive Behaviors. 103: 106223. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106223. PMID 31838440.
  62. Roca, Pablo; Diez, Gustavo G.; Castellanos, Nazareth; Vazquez, Carmelo (2019-07-18). Sendiña-Nadal, Irene (ed.). "Does mindfulness change the mind? A novel psychonectome perspective based on Network Analysis". PLOS ONE. 14 (7): e0219793. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1419793R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219793. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6638953. PMID 31318929.
  63. Hutchinson, Julia K.; Huws, Jaci C.; Dorjee, Dusana (December 2018). "Exploring experiences of children in applying a school-based mindfulness programme to their lives". Journal of Child and Family Studies. 27 (12): 3935–3951. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1221-2. ISSN 1062-1024. S2CID 149474127.
  64. Sevel, Landrew S.; Finn, Micheal T.M.; Smith, Rachel M.; Ryden, Anna M.; McKernan, Lindsey C. (February 2020). "Self‐compassion in mindfulness‐based stress reduction: An examination of prediction and mediation of intervention effects". Stress and Health. 36 (1): 88–96. doi:10.1002/smi.2917. ISSN 1532-3005. PMID 31874122.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.