Military mobilisation during the Hundred Days

During the Hundred Days of 1815, both the Coalition nations and the First French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte mobilised for war. This article describes the deployment of forces in early June 1815 just before the start of the Waterloo Campaign and the minor campaigns of 1815.

Military mobilisation
Part of the Hundred Days

Strategic situation in Western Europe in June 1815
Date18 June – 7 July 1815
(2 weeks and 5 days)
Location
Western Europe
Belligerents
France Seventh Coalition:
 United Kingdom
 Netherlands
Hanover
 Nassau
Brunswick
 Prussia
 Austria
 Russia
 Sardinia
Switzerland
French royalists
Commanders and leaders

Napoleon Bonaparte
Marquis de Grouchy
Marshal Soult
Marshal Davout all at different times commander of L'Armée du Nord
Jean Rapp (Armée du Rhin)
Suchet, Duc d'Albuféra (Armée des Alpes)
Claude Lecourbe (Armée du Jura)
Guillaume Brune Armée du Var

Charles Decaen and Bertrand, comte Clausel (Armies of the Pyrenees east and west)
Jean Lamarque (Armée de l'Ouest — Vendée and Loire)		 Duke of Wellington (Anglo-allied)
Gebhard von Blücher (Prussian)
Prince of Schwarzenberg (Upper Rhine), Duke of Casalanza (Upper Italy), Johann Frimont (Naples)
Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly (Russia)
von Hake

French

Upon assumption of the throne, Napoleon found that he was left with little by the Bourbons and that the state of the Army was 56,000 troops of which 46,000 were ready to campaign.[1] By the end of May, the total armed forces available to Napoleon had reached 198,000 with 66,000 more in depots training up but not yet ready for deployment.[2]

Waterloo Campaign
See also: L'Armée du Nord and order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign

By the end of May, Napoleon had deployed his forces as follows:[3]

The preceding corps were to be formed into L'Armée du Nord (the "Army of the North") and led by Napoleon Bonaparte would participate in the Waterloo Campaign.

Armies of observation

For the defence of France, Bonaparte deployed his remaining forces within France observing France's enemies, foreign and domestic, intending to delay the former and suppress the latter. By June, they were organised as follows:

V Corps – Armée du Rhin[4] (Rapp), cantoned near Strassburg.

  • 15th Infantry Division (Commanded by General Rottembourg)[5]
  • 16th Infantry Division (Commanded by General Albert)[5]
  • 17th Infantry Division (Commanded by General Grandjean)[5]
    On 20 June 1815 Rapp's three infantry divisions contained 28 Battalions.[6] These 28 Battalions consisted of both Line and Light Infantry Regiments. Belonging to the above three Infantry Divisions were the following Line Infantry Regiments: 18th (3 Battalions),[7] 32nd (2 Battalions),[7] 36th (2 Battalions),[7] 39th (2 Battalions),[7] 40th (2 Battalions),[7] 57th (3 Battalions),[7] 58th (2 Battalions),[7] 101st (2 Battalions),[8] 103rd (2 Battalions) [8] and the 104th (2 Battalions).[8] The 7th Light Infantry Regiment (3 Battalions) [8] and the 10th Light Infantry Regiment (3 Battalions) [8] also belonged to Rapp's Infantry Divisions.
  • 7th Cavalry Division (Commanded by General Merlin) [5]
    • 1st Brigade (Commanded by General Grouvel)[9]
      2nd and 7th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiments[9][10]
    • 2nd Brigade (Commanded by General Favier)
      11th and 19th Dragoon Regiments [10]
  • National Guard Brigade (Commanded by General Berckheim) [11]
    The 3rd, 4th, and 5th Battalions of the National Guard of the Bas-Rhin [8] and the 6th, 7th and 8th Battalions of the National Guard of the Haut-Rhin.[8] Two National Guard Lancer Cavalry Regiments also appear to have been attached to Berckheims command – a Haut-Rhin National Guard Lancer Regiment (137 men) [8] and a Bas-Rhin National Guard Lancer Regiment (405 men) [8]
  • Artillery: 46 guns[6]
  • Total 20,000–23,000 men.[12]

VII Corps[13] – Armée des Alpes (Suchet).[14] Based at Lyons, this army was charged with the defence of Lyons and to observe the Austro-Sardinian army of Frimont. Its composition in June was:

  • 22nd Infantry Division (Commanded by General Pacthod) [15]
    • 1st Brigade (Commanded by General Mesclop) [15]
      7th Line Infantry Regiment (3 Battalions) [15] and the 14th Line Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions) [15]
    • 2nd Brigade (Commanded by General Bouvard) [15]
      20th Line Infantry Regiment (3 Battalions) [15] and the 24th Line Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions) [15]
  • 23rd Infantry Division (Commanded by General Dessaix) [15]
    • 1st Brigade (Commanded by General Montfalcon) [15]
      67th Line Infantry Regiment (3 Battalions) [15] and the 6th Light Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions).[15] The two battalions of the 6th Light Infantry Regiment had been detached to Marshal Brune's II Corps of Observation – see below
    • 2nd Brigade (Commanded by Brigadier General Revest) [15]
      42nd Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions) [15] and the 53rd Line Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions) [15]
  • 15th Cavalry Division (Commanded by General Quesnel) [15]
    • 1st Brigade (Commanded by General Meyer) [15]
      10th Chasseurs à Cheval [15] and the 18th Dragoon Regiments.[15] This division had only one brigade.[15]
  • 6th National Guard Infantry Division [15]
  • 7th National Guard Infantry Division [15]
  • 8th National Guard Infantry Division [15]
  • 42–46 guns [16]
  • Total 13,000–23,500 men[17]

I Corps of Observation – Armée du Jura[14] Based at Belfort and commanded by General Claude Lecourbe, this army was to observe any Austrian movement through Switzerland and also observe the Swiss army of General Bachmann. Its composition in June was:

  • 18th Infantry Division (Commanded by General Abbé) [18][19]
    • 1st Brigade (Commanded by General Martel)[19]
      6th Line Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions)[19] and the 52nd Line Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions)[19]
    • 2nd Brigade (Commanded by General Clavel)[19]
      62nd Line Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions)[19] and the 102nd Line Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions)[19]
  • 8th Cavalry Division (Commanded by General Castex) [18][19]
    • 1st Brigade (Commanded by General Meuziau)[19]
      2nd and 3rd Hussar Regiments[19]
    • 2nd Brigade (Commanded by General Rambourg)[19]
      13th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment[19]
  • 3rd National Guard Infantry Division[20]
  • 4th National Guard Infantry Division [21]
  • Artillery: Three foot artillery batteries – two of which replaced a horse artillery battery which was sent back to Rapp's V Corps (24 guns) [19][22]
  • Total 5,392–8,400 men[23]

II Corps of Observation[13] – Armée du Var.[24] Based at Toulon and commanded by Marshal Guillaume Marie Anne Brune,[25] this army was charged with the suppression of any potential royalist uprisings and to observe General Bianchi's Army of Naples. Its composition in June was:

  • 24th Infantry Division;[26]
  • 25th Infantry Division;[26]
    Belonging to the above two infantry divisions were the following Line Infantry Regiments: 9th (3 Battalions),[7] 13th (2 Battalions),[7] 16th (2 Battalions),[7] 35th (2 Battalions)[7] and 106th (2 or 3 Battalions).[8] The 14th Light Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions) also belonged to one of these divisions.[8] Attached to Brune's army were two battalions of the 6th Light Infantry Regiment detached from Marshal Suchet's VII Corps.[8]
  • Cavalry: 14th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment;[27] [28]</ref>
  • Artillery: 22 guns [13]
  • Total 5,500–6,116 men.[29]

III Corps of Observation[13] – Army of the Pyrenees orientales.[24] Based at Toulouse and commanded by General Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen, this army observed the eastern Spanish frontier. Its composition in June was:

  • 26th Infantry Division (Commanded by General Harispe) ;[27][30]
    • 1st Brigade (Commanded by General Beauvais)[30]
      3rd Light Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions)[30][8]
    • 2nd Brigade (Commanded by General Bagnetis)[30]
      66th Line Infantry Regiment (3 Battalions)[30][7] and the 94th Line Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions)[30][8]
  • Cavalry: 5th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (Commanded by General Cavrois) ;[27][30][28]
  • Artillery: Three foot artillery batteries (24 guns);[30][13]
  • Total 3,516–7,600 men.[31]

IV Corps of Observation[13] – Army of the Pyrenees occidentales.[24] Based at Bordeaux and commanded by General Bertrand Clauzel, this army observed the western Spanish frontier. Its composition in June was:[27]

  • 27th Infantry Division (Commanded by General Fressinet) [27][5]
    • 1st Brigade (Commanded by General Charras)[5]
      60th Line Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions)[5][7]
    • 2nd Brigade (Commanded by General Dauture)[5]
      79th Line Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions)[5][8] and the 81st Line Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions)[5][8]
  • Cavalry: 15th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (Commanded by General Guyon) [27][5][28]
  • Artillery: Three foot artillery batteries (24 guns)[5][13]
  • Total 3,516–6,800 men[32]

Army of the West [13] – Armée de l'Ouest [24] (also known as the Army of the Vendée and the Army of the Loire). Commanded by General Jean Maximilien Lamarque, the army was formed to suppress the Royalist insurrection in the Vendée region of France, which remained loyal to King Louis XVIII during the Hundred Days. The army contained line units as well as gendarmes and volunteers. Its composition in June was:

  • One Un-numbered Infantry Division (Commanded by General Brayer);[33]
    • 1st Brigade (Commanded by General Estéve) [33]
      3rd Battalion of the 8th Light Infantry Regiment,[33] a Battalion of the 27th Line Infantry Regiment,[33] 1st Battalion of the 47th Line Infantry Regiment[33] and Foot Gendarmes (170 men)[33]
    • 2nd Brigade (Commanded by Colonel Mosnier) [33]
      2nd Young Guard Tirailleur Regiment (2 Battalions) [33] and the 2nd Young Guard Voltigeur Regiment (2 Battalions) [33]
  • One Un-numbered Infantry Division (Commanded by General Travot);[33]
    • 1st Brigade (Commanded by Colonel Levavasseur) [33]
      Parisian Gendarmes (80 men),[33] Marine Artillerymen (240 men),[33] 15th Line Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions),[33] 43rd Line Infantry Regiment (2 Battalions) [33] and the 2nd Battalion of the 65th Line Infantry Regiment [33]
    • 2nd Brigade (Commanded by Colonel/General Prevost) [33]
      3rd Battalion of the 14th Line Infantry Regiment,[33] 26th Line Infantry Regiment (3 Battalions) [33] and some volunteer Vendee Chasseurs (28 men) [33]
  • Cavalry: The 4th Squadrons of the 2nd Hussar Regiment, 13th Chassuers à Cheval Regiment, 4th, 5th, 12th, 14th, 16th and 17th Dragoon Regiments [28]
  • Artillery: Three foot artillery batteries (24 guns);[13]

Total 10,000–27,000 men.[34]

Seventh Coalition

The Seventh Coalition armies formed to invade France were:

Overview

The forces at the disposal of the Seventh Coalition for an invasion of France amounted to the better part of a million men. According to the returns laid out in secret sittings at the Congress of Vienna the military resources of the European states that joined the coalition, the number of troops which they could field for active operations—without unduly diminishing the garrison and other services in their respective interiors—amounted to 986,000 men. The size of the principal invasion armies (those designated to proceed to Paris) was as follows:[35]

IArmy of Upper Rhine—(Schwartzenberg) consisting of :
Austrians150,000
Bavarians65,000
Württemberg25,000
Baden16,000
Hessians, etc.,8,000
IArmy of Upper Rhine—(Schwartzenberg), Total264,000
IIArmy of Lower Rhine—(Blücher) Prussians, Saxons, etc.155,000
IIIArmy of Flanders—(Wellington) British, Dutch, Hanoverians, Brunswickers155,000
IVFirst Russian Army—(Barclay de Tolly)168,000
Total742,000

Wellington's Allied Army (Army of Flanders)

Cantoned in the southern part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in what is now Belgium, Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington commanded a coalition army,[36] made up of troops from the duchies of Brunswick, and Nassau and the kingdoms of Hanover, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

In June 1815 Wellington's army of 93,000 with headquarters at Brussels was cantoned:[37]

The Netherlands Corps, commanded by Prince Frederick of the Netherlands did not take part in early actions of the Waterloo Campaign (it was posted to a fall back position near Braine), but did besiege some of the frontier fortresses in the rear of Wellington's advancing army.[38][39]

A Danish contingent known as the Royal Danish Auxiliary Corps commanded by General Prince Frederick of Hessen-Kassel and a Hanseatic contingent (from the free cities of Bremen, Lübeck and Hamburg) later commanded by the British Colonel Sir Neil Campbell, were also on their way to join this army,[40] both however, joined the army in July having missed the conflict.[41][42]

Wellington had very much hoped to obtain a Portuguese contingent of between 12,000 and 14,000 men that might be boarded on ships and sent to this army.[43][44] However, this contingent never materialised, as the Portuguese government were extremely uncooperative. They explained that they did not have the authority to send the Prince Regent of Portugal's forces to war without his consent (he was still in Brazil where he had been in exile during the Peninsular War and had yet to return to Portugal). They explained this even though they themselves had signed the Treaty of 15 March without his consent.[45] Besides this, the state of the Portuguese army in 1815 left much to be desired and were a shadow of their former self with much of it being disbanded.[46]

The Tsar of Russia offered Wellington his II Army Corps under general Wurttemberg,[47] but Wellington was far from keen on accepting this contingent.

Prussian Army (Army of the Lower Rhine)

This army was composed entirely of Prussians from the provinces of the Kingdom of Prussia, old and recently acquired alike. Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher commanded this army with General August Neidhardt von Gneisenau as his chief of staff and second in command.[48]

Blücher's Prussian army of 116,000 men, with headquarters at Namur, was distributed as follows:

German Corps (North German Federal Army)

This army was part of the Prussian Army above, but was to act independently much further south. It was composed of contingents from the following nations of the German Confederation: Electorate of Hessen, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Duchy of Oldenburg (state), Duchy of Saxe-Gotha, Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg, Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau, Duchy of Anhalt-Kothen, Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Principality of Waldeck (state), Principality of Lippe and the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe.[49]

Fearing that Napoleon was going to strike him first, Blücher ordered this army to march north to join the rest of his own army.[50] The Prussian General Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf initially commanded this army before he fell ill on 18 June and was replaced temperately by the Hessen-Kassel General von Engelhardt (who was in command of the Hessen division) and then by Lieutenant General Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake.[51][52] Its composition in June was:[53][54][lower-alpha 2]

  • Hessen-Kassel Division (Three Hessian Brigades)- General Engelhardt
    • Hessian 1st Brigade (5 battalions) – Major General Prince of Solms-Braunfels
    • Hessian 2nd Brigade (7 battalions) – Major General von Muller
    • Hessian Cavalry Brigade (2 regiments) – Major General von Warburg (Prussian)
    • Hessian Artillery (2 six-pounder batteries) – Najor von Bardeleben (Prussian)
  • Thuringian Brigade – Major General Egloffstein (Weimar)
    • 1st Provisional Infantry Regiment (4 battalions):
    • 2nd Provisional Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
    • 3rd Provisional Infantry Regiment (5 battalions including the Oldenbug Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions))

Total 25,000[24]

Russian Army (I Army)

Field Marshal Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly commanded the First Russian Army. In June it consisted of the following:[55]

  • III Army Corps – General Dokhturov
  • IV Army Corps – General Raevsky
  • V Army Corps – General Sacken
  • VI Army Corps – General Langeron
  • VII Army Corps – General Sabaneev[56]
  • Reserve Grenadier Corps – General Yermolov
  • II Reserve Cavalry Corps – General Winzingerode
  • Artillery Reserve – Colonel Bogoslavsky

Total 200,000[24]

Austro-German Army (Army of the Upper Rhine)

The Austrian military contingent was divided into three armies. This was the largest of these armies, commanded by Field Marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg. Its target was Paris. This Austrian contingent was joined by those of the following nations of the German Confederation: Kingdom of Bavaria, Kingdom of Württemberg, Grand Duchy of Baden, Grand Duchy of Hesse (Hessen-Darmstadt), Free City of Frankfurt, Principality of Reuss Elder Line and the Principality of Reuss Junior Line. Besides these there were contingents of Fulda and Isenburg. These were recruited by the Austrians from German territories that were in the process of losing their independence by being annexed to other countries at the Congress of Vienna. Finally, these were joined by the contingents of the Kingdom of Saxony, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen and the Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Its composition in June was:[57]

CorpsCommanderMenBattalionsSquadronsBatteries
I CorpsMaster General of the Ordnance, Count Colloredo24,40086168
II CorpsGeneral Prince Hohenzollern-Hechingen34,360368611
III CorpsField Marshal the Crown Prince of Württemberg43,81444329
IV Corps (Bavarian Army)Field Marshal Prince Wrede67,040466616
Austrian Reserve CorpsLieutenant Field Marshal Stutterheim44,800388610
Blockade Corps33,3143886
Saxon Corps16,77418106
Totals264,492[lower-alpha 3]24684466

Swiss Army

This army was composed entirely of Swiss. The Swiss General Niklaus Franz von Bachmann commanded this army. This force was to observe any French forces that operated near its borders. Its composition in July was:[58]

  • I Division – Colonel von Gady
  • II Division – Colonel Fuessly
  • III Division – Colonel d'Affry
  • Reserve Division – Colonel-Quartermaster Finsler

Total 37,000[24]

Austro-Sardinian Army (Army of Upper Italy)

This was the second largest of Austria's contingents. Its target was Lyons. General Johann Maria Philipp Frimont commanded this army. Its composition in June was:[59]

Total 50,000[24]

Austrian Army (Army of Naples)

This was the smallest of Austria's military contingents. Its targets were Marseilles and Toulon. General Frederick Bianchi commanded this army.[lower-alpha 4] This was the Austrian army that defeated Murat's army in the Neapolitan War. It was not composed of Neapolitans as the army's name may suggest and as one author supposed.[60] There was however a Sardinian force in this area forming the garrison of Nice under Louis Cacherano d'Osasco[61] which may have been where the other part of this misunderstanding had arisen. Its composition in June was:[62]

Total 23,000[24]

Anglo-Sicilian Army

This was Great Britain's smaller military contingent. It was composed of Anglo-Sicilian troops under General Sir Hudson Lowe transported and supported by the Mediterranean Fleet of Lord Viscount Exmouth. Its targets were Marseilles and Toulon.

Spanish armies

It was planned that a Spanish army was to invade France via Perpignan and Toulouse. General Francisco Javier Castanos, 1st Duke of Bailen commanded this army.[63]

It was planned that a second Spanish army was to invade France via Bayonne and Bordeaux. General Henry Joseph O'Donnell, Count of La Bisbal commanded this army.[63]

Both Wellington's Despatches and his Supplementary Despatches show that neither of the Spanish armies contained any Portuguese contingents nor were they likely too, (See the section Portuguese contingent below), however both Chandler and Barbero state that the Portuguese did send a contingent.[24][64]

Prussian Reserve Army

Besides the four Army Corps that fought in the Waterloo Campaign listed above that Blücher took with him into the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Prussia also had a reserve army stationed at home in order to defend its borders.

This consisted of:[65]

Royal Danish Auxiliary Corps and Hanseatic Contingent

A Danish contingent known as the Royal Danish Auxiliary Corps commanded by General Prince Frederick of Hessen-Kassel and a Hanseatic contingent (from the free cities of Bremen, Lübeck and Hamburg) commanded by the British Colonel Sir Neil Campbell, were also on their way to join Wellington's army,[40] both however, joined the army in July having missed the conflict.[50][42]

Portuguese contingent

Wellington had very much hoped to obtain a Portuguese contingent of 12–14,000 men that might be boarded on ships and sent to this army.[43][44] However, this contingent never materialised, as the Portuguese government were extremely uncooperative. They explained that they did not have the authority to send the Prince Regent of Portugal's forces to war without his consent (he was still in Brazil where he had been in exile during the Peninsular War and had yet to return to Portugal). They explained this even though they themselves had signed the Treaty of 15 March without his consent.[45] Besides this, the state of the Portuguese army in 1815 left much to be desired and it was a shadow of its former self with much of it being disbanded.[46]

Russian 2nd (Reserve) Army

The Second Russian Army was behind the First Russian Army to support it if required.

  • Imperial Guard Corps
  • I Army Corps
  • II Army Corps, commanded by General Wurttemberg
  • I Grenadier Division
  • I Reserve Cavalry Corps

Russian support for Wellington

The Tsar of Russia offered Wellington the II Army Corps under General Wurttemberg from his Reserve Army,[47] but Wellington was far from keen on accepting this contingent.

Notes
  1. General Georg von Pirch is known as "Pirch I", because the Prussian army used Roman numerals to distinguish officers of the same name, in this case from his brother, seven years his junior, Otto Karl Lorenz Pirch II (Thiers 1865, p. 573 (footnote)).
  2. A third brigade, the Mecklenburg Brigade commanded by General Prince of Mecklenburg-Schwerin is included in Plotho, but not by Hofschröer & Embleton (Plotho 1818, p. 56; Hofschröer & Embleton 2014, p. 42).
  3. Although Siborne estimated the number at 264,492, David Chandler estimated the number 232,000 (Chandler 1981, p. 27)
  4. Chandler places the army under the command of General Onasco,(Chandler 1981, p. 30) but Plotho and Vaudoncourt name the commander as General Bianchi (Vaudoncourt 1826, Book I, Chapter I, p. 94.; Plotho 1818, Appendix pp. 76–77).
  1. Chesney 1869, p. 34.
  2. Chesney 1869, p. 35.
  3. Beck 1911, p. 371.
  4. Chandler 1981, p. 180.
  5. Couderc de Saint-Chamant 1902, p. 322.
  6. Charras 1857, p. 40.
  7. Regnault 1935, p. 312.
  8. Regnault 1935, p. 313.
  9. Gay de Vernon 1865, p. 130.
  10. Regnault 1935, p. 308.
  11. Regnault 1935, p. 157.
  12. Armée du Rhin men
  13. Chalfont 1979, p. 205.
  14. Chandler 1981, p. 181.
  15. Zins 2003, pp. 380–384.
  16. Armée des Alpes guns
  17. Armée des Alpes. Men
  18. Smith 1998, p. 551.
  19. Blaison 1911, p. 26.
  20. Blaison 1911, p. 27.
  21. Blaison 1911, p. 29.
  22. Blaison 1911, p. 40–41.
  23. Armée du Jura: men
  24. Chandler 1981, p. 30.
  25. Siborne 1895, p. 775,779.
  26. Vaudoncourt 1826, Book I, Chapter I, p. 110.
  27. Houssaye 2005, p. 
  28. Regnault 1935, p. 309.
  29. Armée du Var: men
  30. Couderc de Saint-Chamant 1902, p. 323.
  31. III Corps of Observation, Men:
  32. IV Corps of Observation
  33. Lasserre 1906, p. 114.
  34. Army of the West, men:
  35. Alison 1843, p. 520 cites: Plotho iv., Appendix, p. 62; and Capefigue, i., 330, 331.
  36. Bowden 1983, Chapter 3.
  37. Beck 1911, p. 372,373.
  38. Siborne 1895, pp. 765, 766.
  39. McGuigan 2009, § Siege Train.
  40. Plotho 1818, Appendix pp. 34,35.
  41. Hofschröer 2006, pp. 82,83.
  42. Sørensen 1871, pp. 360–367.
  43. Glover 1973, p. 181.
  44. Gurwood 1838, p. 281.
  45. Wellesley 1862, pp. 573, 574.
  46. Wellesley 1862, p. 268.
  47. Wellesley 1862, p. 499.
  48. Bowden 1983, Chapter 2.
  49. Plotho 1818, p. 54.
  50. Hofschröer 1999, p. 182.
  51. Hofschröer 1999, pp. 179, 182.
  52. Pierer 1857, p. 605, 2nd column.
  53. Plotho 1818, Appendix (Chapter XII) p. 56.
  54. Hofschröer & Embleton 2014, p. 42.
  55. Plotho 1818, Appendix (Chapter XII) pp. 56–62.
  56. Mikaberidze 2002.
  57. Siborne 1895, p. 767.
  58. Chapuisat 1921, table 2.
  59. Plotho 1818, Appendix pp. 74,75.
  60. Chandler 1981, p. 27.
  61. Schom 1992, p. 19.
  62. Plotho 1818, Appendix pp. 76,77.
  63. Peltier, p. 743 .
  64. Barbero 2006, Map of Allied Advances in June/July 1815
  65. Plotho 1818, pp. 36–55.

References
  • Alison, Archibald (1843). History of Europe from the commencement of the French Revolution in 1789, to the restoration of the Bourbons in 1815. 4. Harper & Brothers.
  • Beck, Archibald Frank (1911). "Waterloo Campaign". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 371–381.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Barbero, Alessandro (2006). The Battle: a new history of Waterloo. Walker & Company. ISBN 0-8027-1453-6.
  • Blaison, Capitaine (1911). La Couverture d'une Place Forte en 1815: Belfort et Le Corps de Jura. Paris: Henri Charles Lavauzelle.
  • Bowden, Scott (1983). Armies at Waterloo: a detailed analysis of the armies that fought history's greatest Battle. Empire Games Press. ISBN 0-913037-02-8.
  • Chalfont, Lord; et al. (1979). Waterloo: Battle of Three Armies. Sidgwick and Jackson.
  • Chandler, David (1981) [1980]. Waterloo: The Hundred Days. Osprey Publishing.
  • Chapuisat, Édouard (1921). Der Weg zur Neutralität und Unabhängigkeit 1814 und 1815. Bern: Oberkriegskommissariat. (also published as: Vers la neutralité et l'indépendance. La Suisse en 1814 et 1815, Berne: Commissariat central des guerres)
  • Charras, Lt. Colonel (1857). Histoire de la Campagne de 1815: Waterloo. Brussels: Meline Cans et Comp – J. Hetzel et Comp. p. 40.
  • Chesney, Charles Cornwallis (1869). Waterloo Lectures. London: Longmans Green and Co. (In print edition published by Kessinger Publishing, LLC (25 July 2006) ISBN 1-4286-4988-3)
  • Couderc de Saint-Chamant, Henri (1902). Napoleon: Ses Dernieres Armees. Paris: Ernest Flammarion, Editeur.
  • Gay de Vernon, Le Baron (1865). Historique du 2e Regiment de Chasseurs a Cheval depuis sa Creation Jusqu'en 1864. Paris: Libraire Militaire.
  • Glover, Michael (1973). Wellington as Military Commander. London: Sphere Books.
  • Gurwood, Lt. Colonel (1838). The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington. 12. [publisher needed].
  • Hofschröer, Peter (2006). 1815 The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, his German allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras. 1. Greenhill Books.
  • Hofschröer, Peter (1999). 1815; The Waterloo Campaign: The German victory, from Waterloo to the fall of Napoleon. 2. Greenhill Books. pp. 179. ISBN 1-85367-368-4.
  • Hofschröer, Peter; Embleton, Gerry (2014). The Prussian Army of the Lower Rhine 1815. Osprey Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-78200-619-0.
  • Houssaye, Henri (2005). Napoleon and the Campaign of 1815: Waterloo. Naval & Military Press Ltd.
  • Lasserre, Bertrand (1906). Les Cent Jours en Vendée: le Général Lamarque et l'Insurrection Royaliste. Paris: Plon-Nourrit.
  • McGuigan, Ron (2009) [2001]. "Anglo-Allied Army in Flanders and France – 1815: Subsequent Changes in Command and Organization". The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
  • Mikaberidze, Alexander (2002). "Russian Generals of the Napoleonic Wars: General Ivan Vasilievich Sabaneev". The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
  • Peltier, Jean-Gabriel. L'Ambigu. 1. p. 743.
  • Pierer, H.A. (1857). "Russisch-Deutscher Krieg gegen Frankreich 1812-1815". Pierer's Universal-Lexikon (in German). 14. p. 605, 2nd column.
  • Plotho, Carl von (1818). Der Krieg des verbündeten Europa gegen Frankreich im Jahre 1815. Berlin: Karl Friedrich Umelang.
  • Regnault, Jean (1935). La Campagne de 1815: Mobilisation et Concentration. Paris: Libraire Militaire L. Fournier.
  • Schom, Alan (1992). One Hundred Days: Napoleon's road to Waterloo. New York: Atheneum. pp. 19, 152.
  • Siborne, William (1895). "Supplement section". The Waterloo Campaign 1815 (4th ed.). Birmingham, 34 Wheeleys Road. pp. 767–780.
  • Smith, Digby (1998). The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill Books.
  • Sørensen, Carl (1871). Kampen om Norge i Aarene 1813 og 1814. 2. Kjøbenhavn.
  • Thiers, Adolphe (1865). History of the Consulate and the Empire of France Under Napoleon. Lippincott. p. 573.
  • Vaudoncourt, Guillaume de (1826). Histoire des Campagnes de 1814 et 1815 en France. Tome II. Paris: A. de Gastel.
  • Wellesley, Arthur (1862). Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington. 10. London: United Services, John Murray.
  • Zins, Ronald (2003). 1815 L'armée des Alpes et Les Cent-Jours à Lyon. Reyrieux: H. Cardon.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.