Mickwitzia

Mickwitziids are a Cambrian group of shelly fossils with originally phosphatic valves, belonging to the Brachiopod stem group, and exemplified by the genus Mickwitzia – the other genera are Heliomedusa (a possible junior synonym of Mickwitzia?) and Setatella.[2] The family Mickwitziidae is conceivably paraphyletic with respect to certain crown-group brachiopods.[3]

Mickwitzia
Temporal range: Terreneuvian–mid Cambrian
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Clade: Lophophorata
Clade: Brachiozoa
Stem group: Brachiopoda
Family: †Mickwitziidae
Goryanskii, 1969
Genus: †Mickwitzia
Schmidt, 1888
Species
  • M. monilifera (type) (Linnarsson, 1869)[1]
  • M. formosa (Wiman, 1902)
  • M. muralensis Walcott, 1913
  • M. lochmanae McMenamin, 1992
  • M. multipunctata McMenamin, 1992

Shell microstructure

Punctae or tubes penetrate through multiple shell wall layers, and individual punctae often develop a single, axial phosphatic tube. The shell comprises multiple phosphatic laminae; the region closest to the edge of the shell was presumably more organic-walled than phosphatized as it tends to be more flimsily preservevd.[2]

Members of the genus appear to share characteristic shell microstructure in common with Tommotiids such as Micrina,[4] and like this taxon, mickwitziids may not have been able to enclose their entire body within a bivalved shell.[5]

The shells are punctuated with inward-directed hollow cones, conceivably associated with setae – though intact setae are exceptionally preserved along the margin of mickwitziid shells yet not found emanating from the cones, which have no evidence of ever incorporating setae.[2]

Included taxa
  • Mickwitzia
  • Oymurania[6]
  • Setatella

Micrina
Main article: Micrina

Heliomedusa

Heliomedusa orienta was first interpreted as a jellyfish - hence its name - but is now affiliated with Mickwitzia, as well as Craniopsids and Disciniids.

A craniid affinity has long been on the cards, and was the position of the Treatise.[7]

In 2007 a new interpretation reconstructed Heliomedusa as being the other way up - swapping the identity of the dorsal and ventral valves. On this view it was interpreted as a disciniid.[8]

This met with a mixed reception in the updated treatise[9] and was rejected by Zhang et al. 2009[10]

Zhang et al. (2009) state without argument that the ventral valve is larger than the dorsal valve, and argue that the ventral valve was situated downwards in living Heliomedusa. They argue that the pedicle identified by Chen et al (2007), and central to their "ventral valve as dorsal" argument, was instead an internal structure corresponding to an infilled gut.

Affinity

Mickwitziids are stem-group brachiopods, with links to the tommotiid grade. Mickwitzia itself is conceivably synonymous with Heliomedusa.[2]

Distribution

The oldest mickwitziid dates to the Terreneuvian.[11]

References
  1. Linnarsson, J. G. O. (1869). "IV.—On some Fossils found in the Eophyton Sandstone, at Lugnås, in Sweden" (PDF). Geological Magazine. 6 (63): 393–406. Bibcode:1869GeoM....6..393L. doi:10.1017/S0016756800162910.
  2. Butler, A.D.; Streng, M.; Holmer, L.E.; Babcock, L.E. (2016). "Exceptionally preserved Mickwitzia from the Indian Springs Lagerstätte (Cambrian Stage 3), Nevada". Journal of Paleontology. 89 (6): 933–955. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.8.
  3. "Organophosphatic bivalve stem-group brachiopods". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. McMenamin, M. A. S. (1992). "Two new species of the Cambrian genus Mickwitzia". Journal of Paleontology. 66 (2): 173–182. doi:10.1017/S0022336000033680. JSTOR 1305903.
  5. Holmer, L. E.; Skovsted, C. B.; Williams, A. (2002). "A stem group brachiopod from the Lower Cambrian: Support for a Micrina (halkieriid) ancestry". Palaeontology. 45 (5): 875–882. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00265.
  6. "The new stem-group brachiopod Oymurania from the lower Cambrian of Siberia". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. Williams, Alwyn; Carlson, S.J.; Brunton, C.H.C.; Holmer, L.E.; Popov, L.E.; Mergl, M.; Laurie, J.R.; Bassett, M.G.; Cocks, L.R.M.; Rong, J.-Y.; et al. (2000). Paul Selden (ed.). "Part H, Brachiopoda. Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and Rhynchonelliformea". Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America.
  8. Chen, J.-Y., Huang, D.-Y., and Chuang, S.-H. (2007). Reinterpretation of the Lower Cambrian brachiopod Heliomedusa orienta Sun and Hou, 1987a as a discinid. J. Paleontol. 81, 38–47.
  9. Williams, A., Racheboeuf, P.R., Savage, N.M., Lee, D.E., Popov, L.E., Carlson, S.J., Logan, A., Lüter, C., Cusack, M., Curry, G.B., et al. (2007). "Part H, Brachiopoda (Revised)". In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pp. 2321–3226.
  10. Zhang, Z., Li, G., Emig, C.C., Han, J., Holmer, L.E., and Shu, D. (2009). Architecture and function of the lophophore in the problematic brachiopod Heliomedusa orienta (Early Cambrian, South China). Geobios 42, 649–661.
  11. Devaere, Léa; Holmer, Lars; Clausen, Sébastien; Vachard, Daniel (2014). "Oldest mickwitziid brachiopod from the Terreneuvian of southern France". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00021.2013.


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