Metatarsophalangeal joint sprain

A metatarsophalangeal joint sprain is an injury to the connective tissue between the foot and one of the toes. When the big toe is involved, it is known as "turf toe".[1][2]

Metatarsophalangeal joint sprain
Anatomy human foot
SpecialtyPodiatry

Causes

Turf toe is named from the injury being associated with playing sports on rigid surfaces such as artificial turf[3][4] and is a fairly common injury among professional American football players. Often, the injury occurs when someone or something falls on the back of the calf while that leg's knee and tips of the toes are touching the ground. The toe is hyperextended and thus the joint is injured. Additionally, athletic shoes with very flexible soles combined with cleats that "grab" the turf will cause overextension of the big toe. This can occur on the lesser toes as well. It has also been observed in sports beyond American football, including soccer, basketball, rugby, volleyball, and tae kwon do.[5] This is a primary reason why many athletes prefer natural grass to turf, because it is softer.[6]

Treatment

The injury can be debilitating for athletes of many sports who need to accelerate, quickly change direction, or jump. Use of the toes is not possible during the healing process. Since the toes are necessary for proper push-off when accelerating, those sorts of athletic activities should be almost completely curtailed. An extended healing period of one or more months is often required.

Because of the anatomy of the distal foot and the unique use of the foot, it is often impossible to properly tape or brace the joint. Although difficult, it is not impossible to tape the toe to limit extension (upward bend of toe). Additionally, wearing a shoe with a rigid sole (often a metal plate) and cushioned innersole will help minimize extension of the joint. Anti-inflammatory medication, as well as physical therapy, is recommended.

Turf toe is usually healed in about 2–3 weeks.[7] It can become more serious if left untreated, and may cause serious problems for the athlete. Treating the injury includes icing of the area, elevating the foot, or possibly the use of custom orthotics.[8]

References
  1. Allen LR, Flemming D, Sanders TG (2004). "Turf toe: ligamentous injury of the first metatarsophalangeal joint". Military Medicine. 169 (11): xix–xxiv. PMID 15605946.
  2. Kubitz ER (2003). "Athletic injuries of the first metatarsophalangeal joint". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 93 (4): 325–32. doi:10.7547/87507315-93-4-325. PMID 12869604.
  3. Childs SG (2006). "The pathogenesis and biomechanics of turf toe". Orthopedic Nursing. 25 (4): 276–80, quiz 281–2. doi:10.1097/00006416-200607000-00012. PMID 16900075.
  4. Bowers KD Jr, Martin RB (1976). "Turf-toe: a shoe-surface related football injury". Medicine and Science in Sports. 8 (2): 81–83. PMID 957935.
  5. Frimenko RE, et al. (2012). "Etiology and biomechanics of first metatarsophalangeal joint sprains (turf toe) in athletes". Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering. 40 (1): 43–61. doi:10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.v40.i1.30. PMID 22428798.
  6. "Turf Toe – Every Athlete's Nightmare". Joint, Aches, and Pain Org. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  7. "Turf Toe: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments". WebMD.
  8. "Metatarsophalangeal Joint Pain". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
Classification
External resources
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