Mayhem (band)

Mayhem is a Norwegian black metal band formed in Oslo in 1984. They were one of the founders of the Norwegian black metal scene and their music has strongly influenced the black metal genre. Mayhem's early career was highly controversial, primarily due to their notorious live performances, the 1991 suicide of vocalist Per Yngve Ohlin ("Dead") and the 1993 murder of guitarist Øystein Aarseth ("Euronymous") by former member Varg Vikernes ("Count Grishnackh") of Burzum.

Mayhem
Mayhem live in 2008
Background information
OriginOslo, Norway
GenresBlack metal
Years active1984–1993, 1994[1]–present
Labels
Websitewww.thetruemayhem.com
Members
Past members(see below) or List

The group released a demo and an EP that were highly influential, and amassed a loyal following through sporadic and notorious live performances, attracting further attention through their ties to the string of Norwegian church burnings and the incidents of violence surrounding them. Mayhem disbanded after Aarseth's murder, shortly before the release of their debut album, De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas, regarded as a classic of the black metal genre. Surviving former members Jan Axel Blomberg ("Hellhammer"), Jørn Stubberud ("Necrobutcher") and Sven Erik Kristiansen ("Maniac") reformed the next year with Rune Eriksen ("Blasphemer") replacing Aarseth. Attila Csihar and Morten Iversen ("Teloch") have since replaced Kristiansen and Eriksen, respectively. Their post-Aarseth material is characterized by increased experimentation. The 2007 album Ordo Ad Chao received the Spellemann Award for best heavy metal album.

History

Early years (1984–1988)
Founding bassist Necrobutcher performing in 2008

Mayhem was founded in 1984 by guitarist Øystein Aarseth (known initially as "Destructor",[2] later "Euronymous"), bassist Jørn Stubberud ("Necrobutcher") and drummer Kjetil Manheim, taking their band name from the Venom song "Mayhem with Mercy".[3] The band members were mainly influenced by groups such as Venom, Motörhead, Black Sabbath, Slayer, Bathory, Celtic Frost[4] and Parabellum.[5] The lineup began playing cover songs by Black Sabbath, Venom, Motörhead[6] and later recorded the demo Pure Fucking Armageddon. After its release, Aarseth, who used to sing lead vocals, along with Stubberud, during first demo's studio rehearsals, recruited two session vocalists, Eirik Norheim ("Messiah") and Sven Erik Kristiansen ("Maniac"), in 1986 and 1987. Norheim performed vocals only for a concert, which took place on 20 April 1985 in Ski, and by the end of that year he had quit Mayhem. He later formed hardcore punk band Within Range and Oi!/street punk band Cockroach Clan. Whereas, with Kristiansen, Mayhem recorded its first EP, Deathcrush, in 1987, and released it through Euronymous' newly formed label Posercorpse Music. Manheim and Euronymous only played at one show on 22nd March 1986 at the Ski theater as L.E.G.O. and the show was recorded on video. This was a side project about experimental music against mainstream.

The initial 1,000 copy release of Deathcrush quickly sold out. It was later reissued in 1993 by the newly renamed Deathlike Silence Productions as a joint venture with Euronymous' Oslo specialist record shop Helvete[7] (Norwegian for "Hell").[8] Manheim and Maniac left the band in 1988.

With Dead (1988–1991)

After two brief replacements, Maniac and Manheim's positions were filled by Swedish vocalist Per Yngve Ohlin ("Dead") and local drummer Jan Axel Blomberg ("Hellhammer"). With Dead, the band's concerts became notorious. For concerts, Dead went to great lengths to achieve the image and atmosphere he wished. From the beginning of his career, he was known to wear "corpse paint", which involved covering his face with black and white makeup. According to Necrobutcher, "[i]t wasn't anything to do with the way Kiss and Alice Cooper used makeup. Dead actually wanted to look like a corpse. He didn't do it to look cool".[9] Hellhammer claimed that Dead "was the first black metal musician to use corpse paint".[10] To complete his corpse-like image, Dead would bury his stage clothes and dig them up again to wear on the night of a concert.[11][12]

While performing, Dead would often cut himself with hunting knives and broken glass.[13] Additionally, the band often had pig or sheep heads impaled on stakes and planted at the front of their stage.[13]

A prolific Norwegian heavy metal drummer, Hellhammer has remained with the group since joining in 1988.

Stian Johannsen ("Occultus"), who briefly took over as vocalist after Dead's suicide, made this statement about him:

"He [Dead] didn't see himself as human; he saw himself as a creature from another world. He said he had many visions that his blood has frozen in his veins, that he was dead. That is the reason he took that name. He knew he would die."[14]

In 1990, the members of Mayhem moved to "an old house in the forest" near Oslo,[15] which was used as a place for the band to rehearse.[11] They began writing songs for their next album, De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas. Mayhem bassist Necrobutcher said that, after living together for a while, Dead and Euronymous "got on each other's nerves a lot" and "weren't really friends at the end".[11] Hellhammer recalls that Dead once went outside to sleep in the woods because Euronymous was playing synth music that Dead hated. Euronymous then went outside and began shooting into the air with a shotgun.[16] Varg Vikernes claims that Dead once stabbed Euronymous with a knife.[17]

On 8 April 1991, Dead committed suicide in the house owned by the band. He was found by Euronymous with slit wrists and a shotgun wound to the head. Dead's suicide note started with the sentence "Excuse all the blood" and included a brief explanation "nobody will ever understand this, but as a sort of explanation, I am not human, this is only a dream and soon I will awake".The full text has become public and it ended by saying "I didn't come up with this now but 17 years ago". Attached to the note, Dead left the lyrics of the song Life Eternal. When Euronymous found all this, he went to a nearby store and bought a disposable camera to photograph the corpse, after re-arranging some items.[18] One of these photographs was later used as the cover of a bootleg live album, Dawn of the Black Hearts.[19]

Necrobutcher recalls how Euronymous told him of the suicide:

Øystein called me up the next day ... and says, "Dead has done something really cool! He killed himself". I thought, have you lost it? What do you mean cool? He says, "Relax, I have photos of everything". I was in shock and grief. He was just thinking how to exploit it. So I told him, "OK. Don't even fucking call me before you destroy those pictures".[9]

Euronymous used Dead's suicide to foster Mayhem's 'evil' image and claimed Dead had killed himself because black metal had become 'trendy' and commercialized.[20] In time, rumors spread that Euronymous had made a stew with bits of Dead's brain and had made necklaces with bits of his skull.[21] The band later denied the former rumor, but confirmed that the latter was true.[21] Moreover, Euronymous claimed to have given these necklaces to musicians he deemed worthy,[22] which was confirmed by several other members of the scene, like Bård 'Faust' Eithun[23] and Jon 'Metalion' Kristiansen.[24]

De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas; breakup (1991–1994)

Dead's suicide affected Necrobutcher so much that he left Mayhem, thinning the band's ranks down to two. The group performed for a short time thereafter with Occultus, joining the band to begin recording vocal and bass tracks in Mayhem's debut album, De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas. However, this was short-lived; he left the band after receiving a death threat from Euronymous.[11] In July 1993, Live in Leipzig was released as the band's tribute to Dead.

In late 1992, the recording of Mayhem's upcoming album resumed; thus Aarseth engaged three more session musicians: Burzum's Varg Vikernes (stage name "Count Grishnackh"), Thorns' Snorre W. Ruch ("Blackthorn"), who handled bass guitar and rhythm guitar respectively, and singer Attila Csihar, of Hungarian black metal band Tormentor. Due to complaints by his parents, Euronymous closed his scene focal point record shop Helvete, claiming as reasons adverse media and police attention. Much of the album was recorded during the first half of 1993 at the Grieg Hall in Bergen. To coincide with the release of the album, Euronymous and Vikernes had conspired to blow up Nidaros Cathedral, which appears on the album cover. Euronymous's murder in August 1993 put an end to this plan and delayed the album's release.[12]

On 10 August 1993, Vikernes murdered Euronymous. On that night, Vikernes and Ruch travelled 518 km from Bergen to Euronymous' apartment in Oslo. Upon their arrival, a confrontation ensued, which ended when Vikernes fatally stabbed Euronymous. His body was found outside the apartment with twenty-three cut wounds — two to the head, five to the neck and sixteen to the back.[25] Vikernes claims that Euronymous had plotted to torture him to death and videotape the event, using a meeting about an unsigned contract as a pretext.[26] On the night of the murder, Vikernes claims he intended to hand Euronymous the signed contract and "tell him to fuck off", but that Euronymous attacked him first.[26] Additionally, Vikernes also claimed that most of Euronymous' cut wounds were caused by broken glass he had fallen on during the struggle.[26] Vikernes was arrested within days, and a few months later he was sentenced to 21 years in prison, the maximum sentence administered in Norway, for both the murder and church arsons;[26] he was released from prison in 2009. Blackthorn, who waited for Vikernes downstairs[27] and took no part in Aarseth's murder, was charged with complicity in murder and sentenced to serve 8 years in prison. With only Attila and Hellhammer remaining, Mayhem ceased to exist.

In a video interview with Consequence of Sound on 15 October 2019, Necrobutcher discussed his bitterness toward Euronymous after being replaced in the band with Varg Vikernes before the recording of De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas. Then he turned to the murder of Euronymous, offering an eye-opening revelation:

“OK, I can tell it right now, because I’ve been holding it in for many years, but actually I was on my way down to kill him myself. And when it happened, I saw the morning paper, thinking ‘Fuck, I gotta get home to my place and get out all the weapons and drugs and shit I had in my house, because they’re coming to my house because I’m probably going to be the No. 1 suspect for this.' But little did I know that the Norwegian police already knew that Count Grishnackh [Varg] was going down also to kill him. Because they bugged his phone, and he actually talked about this killing before he went to Bergen so the cops already knew that he was coming, so they probably were thinking to themselves, ‘We didn’t nail this guy for the church burnings, so let’s nail him for murder, and get rid of this fucking guy in Oslo the same time.’ So that's basically what happened.”[28]

In May 1994, De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas was released and dedicated to Euronymous. Its release had been delayed due to complaints filed by Euronymous' parents, who had objected to the presence of bass guitar parts played by Vikernes. According to Vikernes himself, Hellhammer assured Aarseth's parents that he would re-record the bass tracks himself; being unable to play bass guitar, Hellhammer left the bass tracks unchanged, and so the album features Vikernes as bassist.[29]

Reunion with Maniac and Necrobutcher and introduction of Blasphemer (1994–2004)
Blasphemer (left) and Maniac (right) joined the band during its 1995 reformation.

By early 1994[30] Hellhammer, Maniac, and Necrobutcher had reformed the band with new guitarist Rune Eriksen ("Blasphemer") in place of Euronymous. Despite arousing some controversy[31] and scepticism[32] for reforming without founding member Euronymous, the group returned to activity, beginning with the 1997 Wolf's Lair Abyss EP. This was followed by a string of European performances, including one in Milan, Italy, featuring a guest appearance by Csihar, which was recorded for the Mediolanum Capta Est live album of that year. During this tour, the band were briefly joined by second guitarist Alexander Nordgaren.

In this new phase, statements made by Hellhammer (who spoke out against race mixing and foreigners in Norway)[33] and the use of Nazi imagery such as swastika flags in the rehearsal room,[34] the Totenkopf emblem[35][36] and band merchandise featuring the symbol of the military branch of Nasjonal Samling led to controversy and accusations of neo-Nazism.

Additionally, Hellhammer stated that no member of the new line-up was a Satanist,[37] and that the "Satanic stuff […] isn't what I feel Mayhem is about today. […] Mayhem's music is still dark, but I wouldn't say that it's Satanic."[38]

The band's second full-length album, Grand Declaration of War, was released in 2000. Strongly influenced by progressive and avant-garde metal, the album was concept-based, dealing with themes of war and post-apocalyptic destruction. Maniac largely abandoned the traditional black metal rasp for dramatic spoken-word monologue, with most of the songs sequencing seamlessly into one another. Because of this conceptual straying, however, the album received harsh criticism.

Mayhem made headlines in 2003 when fan Per Kristian Hagen landed in the hospital with a fractured skull after being hit by a severed sheep's head that had been thrown into the audience from the stage. Assault charges were filed, but the band considered it to have been entirely accidental.[39][40][41]

The band released Chimera in 2004, showing a return to their initial raw sound, but with higher production value and a progressive edge.

Later that year, Maniac left the band. According to Necrobutcher, this was due to his alcoholism induced by stage fright.[13] Necrobutcher explained that because of this tendency, a violent encounter between the singer and Blasphemer lead to the guitarist kicking Maniac down a flight of stairs, resulting in injury.[13] Csihar was reinstated as his replacement.

Return of Csihar; Ordo Ad Chao (2004–2008)
Attila Csihar live with Mayhem at Hole in the Sky 2007

The band's fourth full-length album, Ordo ad Chao (Latin for "Order to Chaos"), was released in April 2007. Ordo ad Chao contained a much rawer sound than the rest of the band's recent work; the drums were not equalized and the mix was notably bass-heavy against black metal convention. The album continued the band's experiments with unorthodox song structures, with "Illuminate Eliminate," at 9:40, the band's second longest track (behind Grand Declaration of War’s "Completion in Science of Agony (Part I)" at 9:44). The album received strong reviews and was the band's highest-charting album, peaking at No. 12 on the Norwegian charts. In early 2008 Ordo Ad Chao won a Spellemannprisen, an award from the largest and oldest of Norway's music awards shows, for Best Metal Album of 2007.

In April 2008, Blasphemer announced his plans to leave the band, expressing a lack of desire to continue despite satisfaction with their accomplishments.[42][43] He played European festival dates over the following months, with his last performance in the group coming in August. He thereafter continued work with the Portuguese band Ava Inferi.[42] This marked the departure of the musician credited with the bulk of the musical composition of the band's three most recent studio albums.

After Blasphemer's departure and Esoteric Warfare (2008–2015)

Statements of imminent touring plans were announced on the band's web page a few weeks after their final dates with Blasphemer. In October 2008, Krister Dreyer ("Morfeus") of Dimension F3H and Limbonic Art joined the group as touring guitarist for their upcoming South America Fucking Armageddon tour.

The band toured through late 2008 and 2009 with this lineup, prior to announcing Summer 2009 dates with Silmaeth, a French musician, as a second touring guitar. In November 2009, the band was arrested in Tilburg, Netherlands, after destroying a hotel room while on tour. Norwegian guitarist Teloch of Nidingr replaced Silmaeth, and British guitarist Charles Hedger (aka Ghul) of Imperial Vengeance replaced Morfeus, in 2011 and 2012.[44][45]

In an interview in 2012, Necrobutcher revealed that Mayhem had begun work on their fifth studio album.[46] As of November 2013, the new album was being mixed, with an early 2014 release date expected.[47] Several months later, on 18 February 2014, it was announced that Mayhem would release a new album in May 2014, with a new song "Psywar" made available for streaming.[48]

On 20 February 2014, the band's record label, Season of Mist, announced that the new album Esoteric Warfare would be released worldwide on 27 May 2014.[49] This marked the first Mayhem studio effort since Blasphemer's departure and Teloch's permanent status in the band.

In January 2015, Mayhem, Watain, and Revenge played together as part of the "Black Metal Warfare" tour in the United States.[50] Mayhem and Watain toured again in the United States in November 2015 with Rotting Christ as "Part II" of the previous tour.[51]

Live album, Lords of Chaos movie and Daemon (2016–present)

A live recording of De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas (DMDS Alive) was released in 2016. The same year rapper Ghostemane released the song Euronymous, a reference to the band.

In 2018, the band released a remixed and remastered version of A Grand Declaration of War. The same year, a film about the band—Lords of Chaos (based on the book of the same name)—premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, directed by Jonas Åkerlund. Necrobutcher and Csihar strongly objected to the movie despite initially granting the rights to use the band's songs.[52]

Mayhem's sixth studio album, Daemon, was released on 25 October 2019 through Century Media Records. Three singles: Worthless Abominations Destroyed, Of Worms and Ruins and Falsified and Hated were released ahead of the album.

On 16 October 2019, in an interview with Loudwire and Consequence of Sound, Necrobutcher revealed that he also had had plans to kill Euronymous [who was killed first by Varg Vikernes] since he was disgusted by Euronymous's treatment of Dead. In that same interview he spoke about Lords of Chaos, saying that the movie saddened him, expressing that he did not like it, although he was surprised that Hollywood cared about the band enough to make it. He also objected to the movie because it was based on the book of the same name, which he described as "the worst book ever".

A fragment of Dead's skull also went on sale for $3,500 in 2018, along with the letter from Euronymous that it was posted with. The letter finishes with: “OK! That should be all. I’m enclosing a little piece from Dead’s cranium in case you’d like to have it. Hear from you soon!”[53]

Daemon is characterised by a return to the more traditional style of black metal like in De Mysteriis and contains 10 new songs with a further two bonus tracks and several covers [including of Dead's old band Morbid] in the extended album. A music video for Falsified And Hated was released on 7 November and shows what appears to be a shaking tent ritual; it also shows a heart being cut open as part of this. Ziggy Jonas Rasmusson, a graffiti artist, was involved in the design.

It remains a trend for fans to produce artwork using blood. One such example is actually by drummer Hellhammer himself, who wrote lyrics to Pagan Fears in his own blood as can be seen on the Instagram page for thetruemayhemcollection in a post from October 2019. [54] Artist Maxime André Taccardi has also produced a painting of Dead using his own blood.[55]

In 2020 it was announced that drummer Tony Laureano would temporarily be filling-in for Hellhammer on the Decibel Magazine Tour due to Hellhammer having a shoulder injury.[56] The tour was ultimately cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, making it highly unlikely Laureano will play any shows with the band as Hellhammer will most likely have fully recovered by the time the band is able to tour again.

Members
For a complete list, see List of Mayhem band members.

Discography
Main article: Mayhem discography

Studio albums

Videography
  • Live in Ski (1986)
  • Home-made Rehearsal with Dead (1988)
  • Live in Sarpsborg (1990)
  • Live in Jessheim (1990)
  • Live in Bischofswerda (1998)
  • European Legions: Live in Marseille 2000 (2001)
  • Mayhem - Cult of Aggression (Norwegian/Swedish documentary by Stefan Rydehed) (2002)
  • Live at Wacken (2004)
  • Appearance in Metal: A Headbanger's Journey (2005)
  • Appearance in BBC One World episode Death Metal Murders (2005)
  • Pure Fucking Mayhem (English documentary by Stefan Rydehed) (2008)
  • Until the Light Takes Us (American documentary by Aaron Aites/Audrey Ewell) (2008)
  • De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas Alive (2016)

See also

References
  1. "Mayhem - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives". Metal-archives.com.
  2. Jon Kristiansen: Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries. Brooklyn, New York: Bazillion Points Books 2011, p. 39. ISBN 978-0979616341
  3. The Dark Past.
  4. Pure Fucking Mayhem, dir. Stefan Rydehed, Prophecy Productions, 2008
  5. Cuesta, Emilio (May 2005). Tempus Mortis (CD booklet in Spanish). Parabellum. Stockholm, Sweden: Blasfemia Records.
  6. ""It's Not Easy Listening": Thirty Years Of Pure Fucking Mayhem". Thequietus.com. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  7. "Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth". June 1992. Archived from the original on 9 September 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2009. Well, the original idea was to make a specialist shop for metal in general, but that's a long time ago. Normal metal isn't very popular any more, all the children are listening to 'death' metal now. I'd rather be selling Judas Priest than Napalm Death, but at least now we can be specialized within 'death' metal and make a shop where all the trend people know that they will find all the trend music. This will help us earning money so that we can order more EVIL records to the evil people. But no matter how shitty music we have to sell, we'll make a BLACK METAL look on the shop, we've had a couple of 'actions' in churches lately, and the shop is going to look like a black church in the future. We've also thought about having total darkness inside, so that people would have to carry torches to be able to see the records.
  8. "Norwegian dictionary entry for "Helvete"". Dokpro.uio.no. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  9. Campion, Chris (20 February 2005). "In the Face of Death". The Observer. Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
  10. "Hellhammer interviewed by Dmitry Basik (June 1998)". Archived from the original on 19 February 2008.
  11. Stefan Rydehed (director) (2008). Pure Fucking Mayhem (motion picture). Index Verlag.
  12. Martin Ledang, Pål Aasdal (2008). Once Upon a Time in Norway.
  13. Campion, Chris (20 February 2005). "In the face of death". Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  14. Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 59
  15. Archived 19 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  16. Lords of Chaos, p. 52.
  17. Lords of Chaos, p. 57.
  18. "Lords of Chaos (1998): Hellhammer interview". Replay.waybackmachine.org. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2011.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  19. Archived 19 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  20. Lords of Chaos, pp. 59–60.
  21. Michael Dome (director) (2007). Murder Music: Black Metal (motion picture). Rockworld TV. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007.
  22. Sam Dunn (director) (2005). Metal: A Headbanger's Journey (motion picture). Seville Pictures.
  23. Lords of Chaos, p. 55.
  24. Kristiansen, p. 219.
  25. Steinke 1996, p. 66
  26. "Varg Vikernes - A Burzum Story: Part II - Euronymous". Burzum.org. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  27. "Varg Vikernes - A Burzum Story: Part II - Euronymous". Burzum.org. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  28. "Mayhem's Necrobutcher: I was on my way to kill Euronymous myself". Consequence of Sound. Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  29. "Interview with Varg Vikernes". Burzum.org. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  30. "Mayhem - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives". Metal-archives.com. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  31. De Mysteriis Dom Euronymous. In: Jon Kristiansen: Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points Books 2011, p. 282.
  32. Mayhem. In: Jon Kristiansen: Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points Books 2011, p. 477.
  33. Bruder Clé: Mythen, Mord & Metal. In: Ablaze, no. 6, September/October 1995, p. 13.
  34. Steinke 1996, p. 65
  35. Mayhem: Chimera, Season of Mist 2004.
  36. "Mayhem interview". Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 25 October 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  37. Dmitry Basik: Interview with Hellhammer conducted by Dmitry Basik June 1998, Web.archive.org
  38. Dan Zimmer: Interview with Hellhammer taken from Sounds Of Death Magazine, Web.archive.org
  39. Berglund, Nina (10 March 2003). "Mayhem fan hit by sheep-head". Aftenposten.no. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  40. "Sheep head fractures fan's skull". BBC News Online. 11 March 2003. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  41. "Flying sheep head fractures fan's skull at rock concert". CBC.ca. 12 March 2003. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  42. Bennett, J. (August 2008). "Blasphemer quits Mayhem". Revolver. No. 71. p. 30. ISSN 1527-408X.
  43. "Mayhem parts ways with guitarist". Blabbermouth.net. Roadrunner Records. 22 April 2008. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
  44. "Metalband vernielt Tilburgse hotelkamer". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 16 November 2009. Archived from the original on 17 November 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2009. Teloch (Nidingr, ex-Gorgoroth, ex-1349, Umoral, Nunfuckritual, The Konsortium, Igorrr) replaces Silmaeth (Satyricon) in 2011, and Charles Hedger (ex-Cradle of Filth) replaces Morfeus in 2012. Morfeus had to leave because of troubles with his back. Mayhem went for pre-production for their new album in mid-November 2012, in Budapest.
  45. "Metalband vernielt Tilburgse hotelkamer". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
  46. "Norway's Mayhem working on new material". Blabbermouth.net. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  47. "The True Mayhem". Facebook.com. 27 May 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  48. "Mayhem To Release 'Psywar' Single In April; Full Length Album To Follow In May". Blabbermouth.net. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  49. "Mayhem News: MAYHEM | Season of Mist, Metal Label". Season-of-mist.com. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  50. "Watain, Mayhem & Revenge North American Tour Officially Announced (NYC Beware)". Archived 7 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  51. Bowar, Chad. "Mayhem + Watain To Co-Headline 'Black Metal Warfare II' U.S. Tour with Rotting Christ". Loudwire.
  52. "MAYHEM'S NECROBUTCHER ON UPCOMING BLACK METAL MOVIE, LORDS OF CHAOS - "IT PISSES ME OFF THAT PEOPLE MAKE MOVIES ABOUT YOUR LIFE AND DON'T EVEN BOTHER TO CONSULT OR CONTACT YOU"". BraveWords. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  53. "Mayhem: Per "Dead" Ohlin Skull Fragment for Sale". MetalSucks.net. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  54. "@thetruemayhemcollection on Instagram: "Cursed in Eternity - written in Hellhammer's Blood 🔥🇳🇴 #whatthefuckhaveIdonelately? #thetruemayhem #mayhem #thetruemayhemcollection…"". Instagram.com. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  55. "This Black Metal Middle School Art Teacher Paints with His Own Blood". Vice.com. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  56. "MAYHEM Drummer HELLHAMMER TO Sit Out 'The Decibel Magazine Tour'". Blabbermouth.net. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  57. "Against Magazine Issue #8 page 35". Issuu.com. Retrieved 6 May 2014. He is a member of Mayhem, he is not a live guitarist.

Bibliography
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