Marsilea

Marsilea is a genus of approximately 65 species of aquatic ferns of the family Marsileaceae. The name honours Italian naturalist Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1656–1730).[3]

Marsilea
Marsilea villosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Class:	Polypodiopsida
Order:	Salviniales
Family:	Marsileaceae
Genus:	Marsilea L.
Species[1]
List Marsilea aegyptica Willd. Marsilea ancyclopoda A.Braun Marsilea apposita Launert Marsilea burchellii A.Braun Marsilea capensis A.Braun Marsilea coromandelina Willd. Marsilea crenata C.Presl Marsilea crotophora D.M. Johnson Marsilea deflexa A.Braun Marsilea distorta A.Braun Marsilea ephippiocarpa Alston Marsilea farinosa Launert Marsilea fenestrata Launert Marsilea hirsuta R. Br. Marsilea macrocarpa C.Presl Marsilea macropoda Engelm. ex A. Braun Marsilea minuta L. Marsilea mollis B.L. Rob. & Fernald Marsilea nubica A.Braun Marsilea oligospora Goodd. Marsilea quadrifolia L. Marsilea schelpeana Launert Marsilea unicornis Launert Marsilea vera Launert Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Marsilea villifolia Brem. & Oberm. ex Alston & Schelpe Marsilea villosa Kaulf.
Synonyms[2]
Lemma Juss. ex Adans. Spheroidea Dulac Zaluzianskia Neck.

These small plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names include water clover and four-leaf clover because of the long-stalked leaves have four clover-like lobes and are either present above water or submerged.

The sporocarps of some Australian species are very drought-resistant, surviving up to 100 years in dry conditions. On wetting, the gelatinous interior of the sporocarp swells, splitting it and releasing a worm-like mass that carries sori, eventually leading to germination of spores and fertilization.

Uses

Marsilea hirsuta was introduced to the Azores but formerly thought to be an endemic species, M. azorica[4]

As food

Sporocarps of some Australian species such as Marsilea drummondii are edible and have been eaten by Aborigines and early white settlers, who knew it under the name ngardu or nardoo. Parts of Marsilea drummondii contain an enzyme which destroys thiamine (vitamin B₁), leading to brain damage in sheep and horses. During floods in the Gwydir River basin 2,200 sheep died after eating nardoo. Three-quarters of the sheep that were affected did however respond to thiamine injections.[5] Thiamine deficiency from incorrectly prepared nardoo likely resulted in the starvation and death of Burke and Wills.[6][7]

The leaves of Marsilea crenata are part of the East Javanese cuisine of Indonesia, especially in the city of Surabaya. It is called Pecel Semanggi and is served with spicy peanut and sweet potato sauce.

Ornamental

A few species in the genus, such as Marsilea crenata, Marsilea exarata, Marsilea hirsuta, and Marsilea quadrifolia, are grown in aquaria.

Species

Marsilea aegyptica Willd.[1] Marsilea ancyclopoda A.Braun – Tropical Water Clover[1] Marsilea apposita Launert[1] Marsilea burchellii A.Braun[1] Marsilea capensis A.Braun[1] Marsilea coromandelina Willd.[1] Marsilea crenata C.Presl[8][1] Marsilea crotophora D.M. Johnson[1] Marsilea deflexa A.Braun[1] Marsilea distorta A.Braun[1] Marsilea drummondii A.Braun[8] Marsilea ephippiocarpa Alston[1] Marsilea farinosa Launert[1] Marsilea fenestrata Launert[1] Marsilea hirsuta R. Br.[1] Marsilea macrocarpa C.Presl[1] Marsilea macropoda Engelm. ex A.Braun[1] Marsilea minuta L. – Dwarf Water Clover[8][1] Marsilea mollis B.L. Rob. & Fernald[1] Marsilea mutica Mett.[8] Marsilea nubica A.Braun[1] Marsilea oligospora Goodd.[1] Marsilea quadrifolia L. – European Water Clover[8][1] Marsilea schelpeana Launert[1] Marsilea unicornis Launert[1] Marsilea vera Launert[1] Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. – Hairy Water Clover[8][1] Marsilea villifolia Brem. & Oberm. ex Alston & Schelpe[1] Marsilea villosa Kaulf. – ʻIhiʻihi (Hawaii)[8][1]

Formerly placed here

• Salvinia natans (L.) All. (as M. natans L.)[8]

Taxonomy

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Marsilea shows the following tree.[9] This tree indicates that M. crenata is the same species (or a subspecies) of M. minuta, and possibly M. fadeniana also. Additionally, this analysis contradicts reports[10] that M. polycarpa is a synonym for M. minuta

Group II	Macrocarpa subgroup   M. aegyptiatica     M. botryocarpa     M. ephippiocarpa     M. farinosa     M. macrocarpa       M. schelpiana     M. vera     M. villifolia       Nubica subgroup   M. nubica (Botswana)     M. nubica (Nigeria)       Capensis subgroup     M. capensis     M. gibba       M. distorta       Marsilea subgroup       M. angustifolia     M. drummondii     M. minuta‑M. crenata‑M. fadeniana complex           M. crenata (Indonesia)     M. crenata (Thailand)       M. minuta (India)       M. minuta (Myanmar)       M. minuta (Africa)       M. fadeniana         M. quadrifolia     Nodorhizae subgroup       M. ancyclopoda       M. macropoda       M. nashii (Grand Turk Island)     M. nashii (West Indies)               M. oligospora     M. vestita       M. villosa         M. mollis
Group I	Clemys subgroup   M. crotophora     M. polycarpa     Mutica subgroup M. mutica

See also

• Bush bread

References

1. "Marsilea — The Plant List". The Plant List. 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
2. "Genus: Marsilea L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2012-10-07. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
3. "Marsilea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1099. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 485, 1754". Flora of North America. eFloras.org. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
4. Schaefer, Hanno; Mark A Carine; Fred J Rumsey (October–December 2011). "From European priority species to invasive weed: Marsilea azorica is a misidentified alien". Systematic Botany. 36 (4): 845–853. doi:10.1600/036364411X604868.
5. Watt, Bruce, Managing the land – Toxic Plants, Pro Grazier, Winter, 2009, MLA
6. Chaffey, Calder (June 2002). "A Fern which Changed Australian History". Australian Plants Online. Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
7. Phoenix, Dave (2011). "Did Burke and Wills die because they ate nardoo?". State Library of Victoria: The Burke & Wills research gateway.
8. "GRIN Species of Marsilea". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
9. Nagalingum, Nathalie S.; Schneider, Harald; Pryer, Kathleen M. (2007). "Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships and Morphological Evolution in the Heterosporous Fern Genus Marsilea". Systematic Botany. 32 (1): 16–25. doi:10.1600/036364407780360256. ISSN 1548-2324.
10. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Sep 2017 http://www.tropicos.org/Name/26602149

• Mabberley, D.J. (1997). The Plant-Book. Cambridge University Press.
• Edmund Russow: Histologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Sporenfrucht von Marsilia. Dissertation. Dorpat 1871 (PDF)
• Johnson 1986 Systematics of the New World species of Marsilea. Syst. Bot. Monog. 11:1–87.
• World species list for Marsilea
• "Marsilea". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2010-05-12.