Manganese, Minnesota

Manganese is a ghost town and former mining community in the U.S. state of Minnesota that was inhabited between 1912 and 1960. It was built in Crow Wing County on the Cuyuna Iron Range in sections 23 and 28 of Wolford Township, about 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Trommald, Minnesota.[2] After its formal dissolution, Manganese was absorbed by Wolford Township; the former town site is located between Coles Lake and Flynn Lake. First appearing in the U.S. Census of 1920 with an already dwindling population of 183,[3] the village was abandoned by 1960.[4][5]

Manganese
Ghost town
Ruins and crumbling concrete foundation of the old Fitger Hotel in Manganese, October 2016
Etymology: Manganese
Manganese
Manganese
Coordinates: 46°31′39″N 94°00′35″W
CountryUnited States
StateMinnesota
CountyCrow Wing
FoundedMarch 13, 1912
IncorporatedNovember 10, 1913
DissolvedJuly 17, 1961
Elevation1,250 ft (380 m)
Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
GNIS feature ID654881[1]

Manganese was one of the last of the Cuyuna Range communities to be established, and named after the mineral located in abundance near the town. Manganese was an incorporated community, built on land above the Trommald formation, the main ore-producing unit of the North Range district of the Cuyuna Iron Range, unique due to the amount of manganese in part of the iron formation and ore. The Trommald formation and adjacent Emily district are the largest resource of manganese in the United States. The community was composed of many immigrants who had fled the various natural disasters, and the social and political upheavals in Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries before the onset of World War I.[6]

Manganese was laid out with three north–south and five east–west streets. Concrete sidewalks and curbing lined the clay streets, which were never paved. At its peak around 1919, Manganese had two hotels, a bank, two grocery stores, a barbershop, a show hall, and a two-room school, and housed a population of nearly 600. After the end of World War I, the population of Manganese went into steady decline as mining operations shut down; along with the quagmire of the clay streets resulting from the spring rains, this led to the community's eventual abandonment and formal dissolution in 1961. The privately owned land started to undergo a limited resettlement in 2017, as the old wooded lots were being cleared and redeveloped as primitive campsites.[7]

History

The area around Manganese, and modern-day Crow Wing County, was initially inhabited by three distinct populations of Native Americans vying for control of the lands that would become the Cuyuna Range. The Arapaho living along the western border of the Great Lakes were quickly displaced by the Dakota and Ojibwe nations; frequent conflicts between the Dakota and Ojibwe eventually resulted in undisputed control of the region by the Ojibwe. In 1855, a treaty between the Ojibwe and the U.S. Government, signed by chief Hole in the Day in what was then Minnesota Territory, secured Ojibwe hunting and fishing rights while ceding land which would become the Cuyuna Range to European-Americans looking to build new settlements in the region.[8] The Minnesota Territorial Legislature enacted the creation of Crow Wing County on May 23, 1857.[9] Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858, and Deerwood (originally named Withington), was the first Cuyuna Range community, settled in 1882.[10][11]

The discovery of the Cuyuna Iron Range was an accident, made by the chance observation of a compass needle irregularity while surveyor and mining engineer Cuyler Adams was exploring the area with his St. Bernard, named "Una". Adams surmised that a large, underground body of iron ore might be responsible for the discrepancy. Nearly fifteen years after meticulously mapping these compass deflections, test drilling by Adams in May 1903 resulted in the discovery of manganiferous ore near Deerwood.[12] Thirteen years after ore discovery by the Merritt Brothers in 1890 trigged an iron rush to the Mesabi Range,[13] another iron rush began in Minnesota,[14] and new mining communities began to develop along the width and breadth of the "Cuyuna" Iron Range, named by combining the first syllable of Adams' given name and the name of his dog.[10]

Establishment and community
Manganese townsite plat, 1913
Manganese State Bank postal cover and Manganese post office cancellation, 1920

Manganese was platted in sections 23 and 28 of Wolford Township by the Duluth Land and Timber Company on February 5, 1911,[15] established on March 13, 1912, and incorporated on November 10, 1913, with 960 acres (390 ha) inside the corporate limits. As a result of the rapid mining development, all of the lots were sold within seven weeks of platting for $100 to $350 each. Manganese was named for the mineral located in abundance nearby.[16] The mines surrounding the community included the Algoma mine, owned by the Onaham Iron Company and founded in 1911; the Gloria and Merrit No. 2 mines, both owned by the Hanna Mining Company and founded in 1916; the Milford mine, owned by the Cuyuna-Minneapolis Iron Company and founded in 1917, and the Preston mine, owned by Coates and Tweed and founded in 1918.[17][18][19] The sixth of the Cuyuna Range communities to be established (after Deerwood, Cuyuna, Crosby, Ironton, and Riverton),[11][20] the new town was touted as the "Hibbing of the Cuyuna Range".[15]

An official U.S. Post Office opened in 1912 and remained in operation through 1924.[16][21] In 1914, the town site had a crew of men and teams building streets with concrete sidewalks and curbing (although the clay roads were never paved). The Fitger Brewing Company also built a $10,000, two-story hotel in 1914, complete with a bar and restaurant. By 1919, Manganese had two hotels, a bank, two grocery stores, two butcher shops, a lumber yard, a bakery, a livery stable, a barbershop, a pool room, a show hall, a dog pound, and a two-room school, and housed a population of nearly 600. That same year, the village issued a bond for a $30,000 waterworks project, and the Pastoret Company of Duluth built a 100-foot (30 m) water tower with a 30,000-US-gallon (113,562 l) capacity.[15][22][23] Manganese and other Cuyuna Range communities benefited greatly from an unusual situation created by an ad valorem property tax on unmined natural ore,[24] resulting in huge amounts of unforeseen revenue, great expenditures of which were made on public works and improvements.[25]

School teacher Anna Dugan with the Manganese Soo Line depot in background

After the discovery of ore near Deerwood, Adams approached James J. Hill, then president of the Northern Pacific Railway, asking for a discounted rate to haul Cuyuna Range ore to Duluth (the rate from the Mesabi Range, which had richer ore, was one dollar per ton). Hill refused, so Adams went to Thomas Shaughnessy, president of the Canadian Pacific Railway and a competitor of Hill, who readily agreed to build 100 miles of railroad with the guarantee to haul ten million tons of ore at sixty-five cents per ton.[12][26] At the time, the Canadian Pacific controlled the Soo Line Railroad, having secured the railroad's funded debt,[27] and the Soo Line came to furnish rail transportation to Manganese and the surrounding mines. In 1914, the Soo Line Railroad constructed a branch line and began excavation for a 24-by-60-foot (7 m × 18 m) passenger and freight depot with a 300-foot-long (91 m) platform.[28][29] This branch line was essentially a spur track uncontrolled by train orders: only one train at a time was permitted on the track, with all of the traffic controlled by the Soo Line dispatcher at Iron Hub.[2][30] Passenger connections with the other Cuyuna Iron Range towns were available three times daily through the operation of buses owned by the Cuyuna Range Transportation Company.[15][31] It was speculated that Henry Ford once visited Manganese when he was exploring the acquisition of the Algoma mine on behalf of the Ford Motor Company. Ford was never observed, but his private rail car, the Fair Lane,[32] with the familiar Ford oval and the gilded words "Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan", was seen parked on the siding at Manganese.[15]

The community was composed of many immigrants, including Finns, Croatians, Austrians, Swedes, Irish, Australians, English, Norwegians, Germans, Polish, Slovenians, Hungarians, Serbs, and French.[6][15][33] Children attended school in Manganese through the eighth grade, attending high school in nearby Crosby, Minnesota. Known then as Independent School District No. 86, the school had indoor plumbing and later its own well, constructed by the Works Progress Administration.[33][34] Over time, the village of Manganese had three wells, all of which collapsed at some point due to the heavy clay soils.[33]

During late World War I, all of the mines surrounding the community were running at full capacity, furnishing about 90% of the manganese used during the war. By 1920, the combined payrolls of these mines totaled $160,000.[15] Seven citizens from Manganese served in the military during World War I, including Harry Hosford,[35] who later survived the Milford mine disaster. Many of Manganese's residents worked in the Milford mine, which flooded on February 5, 1924, a result of blasting in a drift that extended beneath Foley Lake. Forty-one miners were killed in what was Minnesota's worst mining disaster; only seven, including Hosford, made it to safety.[36][37] Many Manganese residents were superstitious and convinced that both the town of Manganese, and the Milford mine, were cursed.[38][39]

The Iver M. Olson home,[15] first residence in Manganese; by the late 1950s, all the houses in town would be gone

After the World War I armistice was signed, the demand for manganiferous ore decreased.[15] With the advent of the Great Depression, mining operations ceased. The Soo Line tore up the track to Manganese in 1930. Little employment was left in the community, and residents relocated to find new jobs. The last shipment of ore from the Gloria mine occurred in 1931; the Milford mine closed in 1932, although the Merritt mine continued to produce ore intermittently until 1943, and stockpile shipments from the Algoma mine continued through 1980.[36][40][41] Very few photos of Manganese are known to exist. Never a wealthy community, residents had no money for cameras, a luxury item during the Depression.[33] In 1938, a Wesleyan Methodist Church and Sunday school was founded. Up to four Sunday school classes were offered depending on the ages of the children, and guest pastors would come to conduct services when occasional revival meetings were held. The congregation came from Trommald, Mission, Wolford, and Perry Lake, in addition to Manganese. The church was sold and torn down after World War II when the congregation was no longer able to appoint a pastor.[42] As mining operations began to shut down, residents gradually started moving their homes out of town for relocation to other communities in the region.[43]

Abandonment and later use
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
1920183—
193096−47.5%
194062−35.4%
195041−33.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[44]

Most of the remaining residents moved out around 1955.[45] Structures that were not moved out of the community were torn down. After all of the residents left, the clay roads continued to be maintained, and the street lights remained on for at least a decade.[15][33][34] In 1959, the village of Ironton, one of the creditors for the village of Manganese, petitioned Crow Wing County for the community's dissolution. Einer R. Andersen, then Crow Wing County Auditor, was appointed as its receiver, and creditors of the village of Manganese were given six months to file a claim. Notices sent to the last known village officers were refused. Bids were accepted for the sale of the Manganese water tower and the frame building that had housed the village hall, with the condition that all debris be disposed of at the expense of the buyer. The steel water tower, with an estimated weight of 100 short tons (91,000 kg) of scrap metal, was valued at $1,200; however, the sale and salvage of the water tower yielded net proceeds of only $200. Ironically, the surviving Cuyuna Iron Range municipally-owned elevated metal water tanks (in the towns of Crosby, Cuyuna, Deerwood, Ironton, and Trommald) were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.[25][46] The final hearing regarding the dissolution of Manganese was held on July 17, 1961. Manganese was formally dissolved and absorbed by Wolford Township.[4][47]

Aerial photo of Manganese in 1939, before its abandonment[48]

After the town was abandoned, only remnants of sidewalks, rubble, building foundations, old tires, plastic, pieces of clothing, beer cans, and other abandoned items remained.[15][23][38] The site was slowly overgrown with willow, aspen, and other trees; roots, shrubs, and grass began to heave and crack the concrete sidewalks and overtake the remaining grid pattern of roads. Most of the remaining structures succumbed to the elements. Old building foundations and basements, covered with graffiti, were engulfed by the brush.[15][49] Trees covered what was once a land occupied by numerous buildings, and the entire town site was consumed by the steady growth of natural vegetation. In 2003, the majority of the land which comprised the former town site was purchased, and a gate was posted along with a "no trespassing" sign at the southeast entrance to the former town.[49] In 2006, the privately owned land was sold again and began to undergo a limited resettlement in 2017.[50] Called Manganese Base Camp, the old wooded lots, about 0.3 acres (0.12 ha) each, were being cleared and redeveloped as primitive campsites, without electricity, running water, or waste disposal services. Since then, Base Camp has hosted an annual Manganese Days Festival. The event is open to the public as a way to honor the former village, learn of its history, and explore the old town.[7]

Geology
Stratigraphy of the main units of the North Range district of the Cuyuna Iron Range

Manganese lay atop the iron-rich Trommald formation, the main ore-producing unit of the North Range district of the Cuyuna Iron Range.[51] The Trommald formation has been correlated with other iron formations of the Animikie Group,[52] deposited during the early Proterozoic age,[51][53] and is unique in the Lake Superior region because of the amount of manganese in part of the iron formation and ore.[54][55] The stratigraphic column of the Trommald formation ranges from 45 to 820 feet (14 to 250 m) thick and consists of at least two mappable iron formation facies, one thick-bedded and cherty, divided by an aegirine zone, the other thin-bedded and slaty with a tourmaline zone at its base.[56][57] The facies are sometimes separated by a black laminated carbonate-silicate iron formation. Gray phyllite lies above and below,[57] capped with topsoil consisting of overlying morainic material and clay-rich till.[52]

Cuyuna Lakes Mountain Bike Trail running near an old waste rock stockpile of the Huntington-Feigh mine

It is not possible to determine the mineral content in the iron formation from top to bottom in any one location due to the great diversity of ore textures and the shape of the ore bodies.[58] Considerable variation exists in the character and composition of the ores, varying greatly from 20 to 60 percent iron and 0.5 to 15 percent manganese, with local areas of manganese as high as 50 percent.[51][52][59] Most manganese is finely disseminated as an integral part of the iron ore.[60] Ores of the Milford mine were brown and manganiferous; ores from the Gloria mine were black and slaty brown maganiferous; ores from the Merritt mine were red brown to black and richly manganiferous; ores from the Algoma mine were ferruginous manganese.[40] The ores contained on average about 43% iron and 10% manganese.[53]

The Trommald formation and adjacent Emily district are the largest resource of manganese in the United States.[52][61][62] The largest high-grade deposit of manganiferous ore is located about 14 miles (23 km) north of Manganese on a 5-acre (2.0 ha) site at the edge of Emily.[63][64][65] Valuable in steel and aluminum production, manganese is also used to make batteries.[66][67] There is a local push to "scram" the stockpiles of ore found in the old waste rock of the Cuyuna Iron Range. This mining process is significantly less invasive than traditional blasting and crushing, but processing of some stockpiles would disrupt the Cuyuna Lakes Mountain Bike Trails,[68][69] which opened in June 2011[70] and have been a tourism asset since the last manganiferous ore was shipped from the Cuyuna Range in 1984.[71] This potential for ore processing has created debate as to whether mining and mountain biking can coexist.[72] The use of former underground Cuyuna Range mines as a means of compressed-air energy storage has also been investigated by researchers at the University of Minnesota.[73]

Geography and climate

Manganese lay at an elevation of 1,250 feet (380 m) in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, about 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Brainerd and 91 miles (146 km) west-southwest of Duluth.[1][52] The nearest cities to Manganese were Trommald, approximately 2 miles (3 km) to the south-southwest, and Wolford, approximately 2 miles (3 km) to the northeast.[2][65] Manganese was located to the west of Crow Wing County Road 30, about 5 miles (8 km) north of Minnesota State Highway 210 and 3 miles (5 km) west of Minnesota State Highway 6.[74]

Road to Manganese as viewed from the Milford Mine National Register Historic District

Manganese was laid out with three primary north–south streets: First Street East, Main Street, and First Street West. Second Avenue North, First Avenue North, Manganese Avenue, First Avenue South (now Old Manganese Road), and Second Avenue South traversed Manganese from east to west.[75] The Soo Line right of way bisected the community on the east side of Manganese from the northeast to the southwest.[31][76] First Avenue North extended about 1.9 miles (3.1 km) to the Milford mine.[77]

Manganese was in the Laurentian Mixed Forest Province in the Brainerd Lakes Area of north central Minnesota. Precipitation ranges from about 21 inches (53 cm) annually along the western border of the forest to about 32 inches (81 cm) at its eastern edge. Average annual temperatures are about 34 °F (1 °C) along the northern part of the forest, rising to 40 °F (4 °C) at its southern extreme.[78]

July is the warmest month, when the average high temperature is 80 °F (27 °C) and the average low is 56 °F (13 °C). January is the coldest, with an average high temperature of 20 °F (−7 °C) and average low of 0 °F (−18 °C).[79] The spring rains wreaked havoc on Manganese's clay streets, which was cited as one of the reasons for its abandonment.[23][33]

See also

References
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Sources
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