Mama (1990 film)

Mama is a 1990 Chinese film directed by Zhang Yuan. Zhang Yuan's directorial debut, Mama is now considered a seminal film in the history of Chinese independent cinema, and by extension, as a pioneering film of the Sixth Generation of which Zhang is a member.[1] Shot on an extreme budget within Zhang Yuan's apartment, Mama, follows the story of a mother and her grown mentally challenged son.

Mama
Traditional媽媽
Simplified妈妈
MandarinMāma
Directed byZhang Yuan
Produced byZhang Yuan
Qin Yan
Written byQin Yan
Zhang Yuan
Ning Dai
StarringYang Xiaodan
Qin Yan
CinematographyZhang Jian
Edited byFeng Shuangyan
Distributed byXi'an Film Studio
Release date
  • 1990 (1990)
Running time
90 minutes
CountryChina
LanguageMandarin
Budget¥100,000

Plot

The film focuses on a librarian struggling to raise her mentally handicapped son in modern-day Beijing while at the same time dealing with an absent and unresponsive husband. The story garnered much criticism from state-censors, who found the film too dark.[2]

While the film was originally written to end on the dour note of the mother euthanizing her son, director Zhang Yuan eventually opted for a more open-ended and ambiguous conclusion.[2]

Production history

The film that was to become Mama began as a screenplay in the Children's Film Studio for a film entitled The Sun Tree as based on a story by writer Dai Qing.[3] Zhang Yuan at the time was still a student in the Beijing Film Academy's cinematography department and was slated to serve as the film's director of photography, with Fifth Generation graduate Sun Chen slated to direct.[3] For three months, Zhang worked with screenwriter (and planned lead actor) Qin Yan and Sun storyboarding The Sun Tree.[3] The studio, however, ultimately decided that the film was not profitable and canceled production.[3]

The project was then picked up by the August First Film Studio, now with Gong Yiqun set as the director.[4] During this second production period, Zhang Yuan again was set to serve as cinematographer and conducted several location scouting trips to Dunhuang.[4] However, August First canceled the production shortly after the Tiananmen Square incident, in part because Dai Qing had supported the demonstrations and was now a problematic figure politically.[4]

With the project seemingly dead, Zhang Yuan and Qin Yan decided to produce the film independently, asking friends and family for funds.[4] Zhang, Qin, and Zhang's wife, screenwriter Ning Dai also went back to rework the film's original story.[4] The result was a film, in Zhang's words, that "was completely different" and "something much closer to the everyday reality of average Chinese people."[2]

While Zhang Yuan's friend, director Wang Xiaoshuai, was originally set to direct, Zhang himself eventually took over directing duties.[2]

The film was ultimately shot in 1989 in Zhang's apartment on a budget of only ¥100,000, shortly after Zhang had graduated from the BFA.[2]

Style

Filmed mostly in black and white, the film's small budget often shows in its minimalist style. Mama's small cast of characters and minimal plot would become trademarks to Zhang's films.[5] The film is also notable as an example of Zhang's documentary leanings, as Mama also intercuts actual interviews with parents of autistic children throughout the narrative.[5]

Reception

Mama was registered with the state-run Xi'an Film Studio, but was given only a minimal distribution in its native China.[5] Instead the film received numerous accolades abroad, screening at several international film festivals and winning the Special Jury Prize at the Nantes Three Continents Film Festival in 1991.[5]

Today the film is considered a pioneering work and the "first independent Chinese film since 1949."[6] It was selected to screen in the 2005 62nd Venice International Film Festival, as part of that festival's retrospective on Chinese cinema.[7]

Notes
  1. Zhang, p. 83
  2. Berry, p. 146
  3. Berry, p. 144
  4. Berry, p. 145
  5. Tasker, p. 420
  6. "Zhang Yuan's films". Zhang-yuanfilms.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  7. "Zhang Yuan's Maiden Film Mama to Screen at Venice". China.org.cn. 2005-09-01. Retrieved 2008-08-26.

References
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