Malha

Malha is a neighborhood in southwest Jerusalem, between Pat, Ramat Denya and Kiryat Hayovel in the Valley of Rephaim. Before 1948, Malha was a Palestinian Arab village known as al-Maliha (Arabic: المالحة‎).

Maliha

المالحة
Maliha circa 1950
Etymology: The salt-pan[1]
Palestine grid167/129
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictJerusalem
Date of depopulation21 April 1948, 15 July 1948[2]
Area
 • Total13,449 dunams (13.449 km2 or 5.193 sq mi)
Population
 (1948[4])
 • Total1,940[5][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationInfluence of nearby town's fall
Secondary causeMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
View of Malha, 2007
The Jerusalem Technology Park in Malha

History

Antiquity

Excavations in Malha revealed Intermediate Bronze Age domestic structures.[6] A dig in the Rephaim Valley carried out by the Israel Antiquities Authority in the region of the Malha shopping mall and Biblical Zoo uncovered a village dating back to the Middle Bronze Age II B (1,700 – 1,800 BCE). Beneath this, remains of an earlier village were found from the Early Bronze Age IV (2,200 – 2,100 BCE).[7]

Bronze Age settlement excavated in Malcha, between Kanyon Malha and Teddy Stadium

According to the archaeologists who excavated there in 1987–1990, Malha is believed to be the site of Manahat, a Canaanite town on the northern border of the Tribe of Judah (Joshua 15:59).[8] Remains of the village have been preserved at the Biblical Zoo.[8]

Ottoman era

In the 1596 tax records al-Maliha, (named Maliha as-Suqra), was part of the Ottoman Empire, nahiya (subdistrict) of Jerusalem under the Liwa of Jerusalem. It had a population of 52 Muslim households, an estimated 286 persons. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on wheat, barley, and olive and fruit trees, goats and beehives; a total of 8,700 akçe. 1/3 of the revenue went to a waqf.[9]

In 1838 it was noted by Edward Robinson as el Malihah, a Muslim village, part of the Beni Hasan district.[10][11]

An Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed Malha with a population of 340, in 75 houses, though the population count included men, only.[12][13]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described the village as being of moderate size, standing high on a flat ridge. To the south was Ayn Yalu.[14]

In 1896 the population of Malha was estimated to be about 600 persons.[15]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Malhah had a population 1,038, all Muslims,[16] increasing in the 1931 census to 1,410; 1,402 Muslims and 8 Christians, in a total of 299 houses.[17]

In the 1945 statistics the population of Malha was 1,940; 1,930 Muslims and 10 Christians,[5] and the total land area was 6,828 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of the land, a total of 2,618 dunams were plantations and irrigable land and 1,259 were for cereals,[18] while a total of 328 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[19]

1948

In the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the village of al-Maliha, with a population of 2,250, was occupied as part of the battle for south Jerusalem.[20] In the early part of the war, Al-Maliha, along with al-Qastal, Sur Baher and Deir Yassin, signed non-aggression pacts with the Haganah.[21] On April 12, 1948, in the wake of the Deir Yassin Massacre, villagers from al Maliha, Qaluniya and Beit Iksa began to flee in panic.[22] The Irgun attacked Malha in early morning hours of July 14, 1948. Several hours later, the Palestinian Arabs launched a counter-attack and seized one of the fortified positions. When Irgun reinforcements arrived, the Palestinians retreated and Malha was in Jewish control, but 17 Irgun fighters were killed and many wounded. The Arab inhabitants fled to Bethlehem, which remained under Jordanian control. The depopulated homes were occupied by Jewish refugees from Middle Eastern countries, mainly Iraq. Some of the land in Malha had been purchased before the establishment of the state by the Valero family, a family of Sephardi Jews that owned large amounts of property in Jerusalem and environs.[23]

After 1948

The first Palestinian fedayeen raid in Israel took place in November 1951 in Malha when a woman, Leah Festinger, was killed by infiltrators from Shuafat, at the time part of Jordan.[24]

Today

Under the aegis of the Jerusalem Municipality, the neighborhood was modernised and a large housing development was established on the nearby hill and its eastern slopes. At the bottom of the hill are the Malha Shopping Mall, Teddy Stadium, and the Jerusalem Malha Railway Station. Malha is now considered an upscale neighborhood. Schools include a vocational high school (ORT) and an elementary school, the Shalom School. The Jerusalem Technology Park houses many companies, including some high-tech start-ups as well as international media offices.[25] The Jerusalem Biblical Zoo and Malha Basketball Arena are also located in Malha.

See also

References
  1. Palmer, 1881, p. 322
  2. Morris, 2004, p. xx, village #361. Also gives the cause for depopulation
  3. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57
  4. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine Depopulated Jerusalem Localities of the year 1948 by Selected Variables
  5. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 25
  6. An Intermediate Bronze Age Farmhouse at Newe Shalom
  7. Refaim Valley: The Palestinian villages of Al Wallaja and Battir, Archaeological View
  8. Nahal Refa-im - Canaanite Bronze Age villages near
  9. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 118. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 304
  10. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 123
  11. Robinson & Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 156
  12. Socin, 1879, p. 157, also noted it to be in the Beni Hasan district
  13. Hartmann, 1883, p. 122, also noted 75 houses
  14. Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 21. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.304
  15. Schick, 1896, p. 125
  16. Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
  17. Mills, 1932, p. 41
  18. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 103
  19. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 153
  20. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
  21. Morris, 2004, pp. 75, 91
  22. Morris, 2004, p. 239
  23. Sephardi entrepreneurs in Jerusalem: The Valero family, 1800-1948, Joseph B. Glass, Ruth Kark
  24. Ynet Encyclopedia
  25. Malha Technological Centre Archived 2008-12-01 at the Wayback Machine

Bibliography

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