Lunularia

Lunularia cruciata, the crescent-cup liverwort,[1] is a liverwort of the order Marchantiales (until recently included in the order Lunulariales),[2][3][4] and the only species in the genus Lunularia and family Lunulariaceae.[5][6] The name, from Latin luna, moon, refers to the moon-shaped gemmacups.

This article is about the genus of liverwort. For the bryozoan genus, see Lunularia (bryozoan).
Lunularia can also reproduce sexually, as illustrated by Haeckel in this drawing of an archegonial head with (diploid) sporophyte plantlets. The main plant body (thallus) is haploid

Lunularia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Marchantiophyta
Class:
Marchantiopsida
Order:
Marchantiales

Limpr. 1876
Family:
Lunulariaceae

H. Klinggr. 1858
Genus:
Lunularia

Adans.
Species:
L. cruciata
Binomial name
Lunularia cruciata
(Linnaeus 1753) Dumortier 1822 ex Lindberg 1868
Synonyms
  • Selenia Hill 1773 non Nutt. 1825
  • Staurophora Willdenow 1809
  • Dichominum Neck. ex Trevisan 1877
  • Marsilia Kuntze 1891 non Linnaeus 1753
  • Sedgwickia Bowdich 1835 non Wall. & Griff. 1836

Lunularia occurs commonly in western Europe, where it is native to the region around the Mediterranean. It is also common in California, where it now grows "wild", and is known as an introduced weed in gardens and greenhouses in Australia.[7] Ella Orr Campbell believed that Lunularia was introduced into New Zealand sometime after 1867.[8] In America, the species grows only as a sterile form, easily recognized by the crescent-shaped cups containing asexual gemmae.

The discus-shaped gemmae are readily dislodged from the cups by splashes of rainwater. They can then quickly "take root" and start to grow in suitably damp places, which is why they are so successful in greenhouses.

Lunularia is not purely asexual; it can also reproduce sexually (see illustration) with four archegonia arranged in a cross-shaped head (hence the specific name cruciata) bearing diploid sporophyte plantlets. As in other liverworts, the main plant body or thallus is a haploid gametophyte.

Like many other liverwort species, Lunularia produces a dihydrostilbenoid growth hormone, lunularic acid, that is reported to be a growth inhibitor of liverworts.[9]

References
  1. Edwards, Sean R. (2012). English Names for British Bryophytes. British Bryological Society Special Volume. 5 (4 ed.). Wootton, Northampton: British Bryological Society. ISBN 978-0-9561310-2-7. ISSN 0268-8034.
  2. Flores, Jorge R.; Catalano, Santiago A.; Muñoz, Jesus; Suárez, Guillermo M. (2018). "Combined phylogenetic analysis of the subclass Marchantiidae (Marchantiophyta): towards a robustly diagnosed classification". Cladistics. 34 (5): 517–541. doi:10.1111/cla.12225. S2CID 52831959.
  3. Flores, Jorge R.; Bippus, Alexander C.; Suárez, Guillermo M.; Hyvönen, Jaakko (2020). "Defying death: incorporating fossils into the phylogeny of the complex thalloid liverworts (Marchantiidae, Marchantiophyta) confirms high order clades but reveals discrepancies in family-level relationships". Cladistics. n/a (n/a). doi:10.1111/cla.12442. ISSN 1096-0031.
  4. Cole, Theodor C. H.; Hilger, Hartmut H.; Goffinet, Bernard (2019-05-24). "Bryophyte Phylogeny Poster (BPP)". doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.27571v3. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. Söderström; et al. (2016). "World checklist of hornworts and liverworts". PhytoKeys. 59 (59): 1–826. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.59.6261. PMC 4758082. PMID 26929706.
  6. "Part 2- Plantae (starting with Chlorophycota)". Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  7. Schuster, Rudolf M. The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America, volume VI, pages 80-91. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992). ISBN 0-914868-21-7.
  8. Campbell, Ella O. (1965). "Lunularia in New Zealand". Tuatara. 13 (1): 31–41. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  9. Lunularic acid, a common endogenous growth inhibitor of liverworts. R. J. Pryce, Planta, 1971, Volume 97, Number 4, pages 354-357, doi:10.1007/BF00390214


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