Lumasiran

Lumasiran, sold under the brand name Oxlumo, is a medication for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1).[4][2][5]

Lumasiran
Clinical data
Trade namesOxlumo
Other namesALN-GO1
License data
Routes of
administration		Subcutaneous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
DrugBank
UNII
KEGG

The most common side effects include injection site reactions and abdominal pain.[2]

Lumasiran is a double-stranded small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) that reduces levels of glycolate oxidase (GO) enzyme by targeting the HAO1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in hepatocytes through RNA interference.[6] Decreased GO enzyme levels reduce the amount of available glyoxylate, a substrate for oxalate production.[6] This results in reduction of urinary and plasma oxalate levels, the underlying cause of disease manifestations in people with PH1.[6] As the GO enzyme is upstream of the deficient alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) enzyme that causes PH1, the mechanism of action of lumasiran is independent of the underlying AGXT gene mutation.[6]

Lumasiran was approved for medical use in the European Union and in the United States in November 2020.[2][3][7] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.[8]

Medical uses

Lumasiran is indicated for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) in adults and children of all ages.[4][5]

PH1 is a rare illness that causes the liver to produce too much of something called 'oxalate'.[4][5] Oxalate is removed by the kidneys and through the urine.[4] In people with PH1, the extra oxalate can cause kidney stones and kidney failure.[4][5] The extra oxalate can also build up, and damage other parts of the body, including eyes, heart, skin, and bone.[4][5] This is called 'oxalosis'.[4]

History

Lumasiran was evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in two studies of participants with PH1: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in participants six years and older and an open-label study in participants younger than six years (NCT03681184 and NCT03905694).[2][5] Participants ranged in age from four months to 61 years at the first dose.[2] In the first study, 26 participants received a monthly injection of lumasiran followed by a maintenance dose every three months; 13 participants received placebo injections.[2] Neither the patients nor the healthcare providers knew which treatment was being given until after the trial was completed.[5] The primary endpoint was the amount of oxalate measured in the urine over 24 hours.[2][5] In the lumasiran group, participants had, on average, a 65% reduction of oxalate in the urine, compared to an average 12% reduction in the placebo group.[2] By the sixth month of the study, 52% of participants treated with lumasiran reached a normal 24-hour urinary oxalate level; no participants treated with the placebo did.[2] In the second study, 16 participants younger than six years all received lumasiran.[2] Using another measure of oxalate in the urine, the study showed, on average, a 71% decrease in urinary oxalate by the sixth month of the study.[2] The trials were conducted at 25 centers in the United States, Europe, and the Middle East.[5]

The FDA granted the application for lumasiran orphan drug and breakthrough therapy designations.[2] In addition, the manufacturer received a rare pediatric disease priority review voucher.[2] The FDA granted the approval of Oxlumo to Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.[2]

Society and culture

Lumasiran is available under the UK Early Access to Medicines Scheme (EAMS) as of July 2020.[4][6][9]

On 15 October 2020, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Oxlumo, intended for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1).[10][11] The applicant for this medicinal product is Alnylam Netherlands B.V.[10]

Lumasiran was approved for medical use in the European Union and in the United States in November 2020.[2][3][7]

References
  1. "Oxlumo- lumasiran injection, solution". DailyMed. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  2. "FDA Approves First Drug to Treat Rare Metabolic Disorder". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. "Oxlumo EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  4. "Lumasiran: Public Assessment Report (PAR)" (PDF). Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Retrieved 17 October 2020. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
  5. "Drugs Trials Snapshot: Oxlumo". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. "Lumasiran: Treatment protocol: Information for healthcare professionals" (PDF). Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Retrieved 17 October 2020. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
  7. "Drug Approval Package: Oxlumo". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 21 December 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  8. "New Drug Therapy Approvals 2020". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 31 December 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. "Alnylam Announces that the United Kingdom's MHRA Grants Early Access to Lumasiran". Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Press release). 13 July 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  10. "Oxlumo: Pending EC decision". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  11. "First treatment for rare condition primary hyperoxaluria type 1". European Medicines Agency (EMA) (Press release). 15 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  • "Lumasiran". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • Clinical trial number NCT03681184 for "A Study to Evaluate Lumasiran in Children and Adults With Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1 (ILLUMINATE-A)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  • Clinical trial number NCT03681184 for "A Study of Lumasiran in Infants and Young Children With Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1 (ILLUMINATE-B)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
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