Lu (state)

Lu (Chinese: 魯, c. 1042–249 BC) was a vassal state during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China located around modern Shandong province. Founded in the 11th century BC, its rulers were from a cadet branch of the House of Ji (姬) that ruled the Zhou dynasty. The first duke was Boqin, a son of the Duke of Zhou, who was brother of King Wu of Zhou and regent to King Cheng of Zhou.[1]

Not to be confused with Lü (state).

State of Lu

魯國
c. 1042 BC–249 BC
Lu is a state in the east, near Qi
CapitalQufu
Religion
Chinese folk religion, ancestor worship, Taoism
GovernmentMonarchy
Duke 
History 
• Established
c. 1042 BC
• Annexed by Chu
249 BC
Lu
"Lu" in seal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese魯
Simplified Chinese鲁

Lu was the home state of Confucius as well as Mozi, and as such has an outsized cultural influence among the states of the Eastern Zhou and in history. The Annals of Spring and Autumn, for instance, was written with the Lu rulers' years as their basis. Another great work of Chinese history, the Zuo Zhuan or Commentary of Zuo, was also written in Lu by Zuo Qiuming.

Geography

The state's capital was in Qufu and its territory mainly covered the central and southwest regions of what is now Shandong Province. It was bordered to the north by the powerful state of Qi and to the south by the powerful state of Chu. The position of Lu on the eastern frontiers of the Western Zhou state, facing the non-Zhou peoples in states such as Lai and Xu, was an important consideration in its foundation.

History

Lu was one of several states founded in eastern China at the very beginning of the Zhou dynasty, in order to extend Zhou rule far from its capital at Zongzhou and power base in the Guanzhong region. Throughout Western Zhou times, it played an important role in stabilising Zhou control in modern-day Shandong.

During the early Spring and Autumn period, Lu was one of the strongest states and a rival of Qi to its north. Under Duke Yin and Duke Huan of Lu, Lu defeated both Qi and Song on several occasions. At the same time, it undertook expeditions against other minor states.

This changed by the middle of the period, as Lu's main rival, Qi, grew increasingly dominant. Although a Qi invasion was defeated in the Battle of Changshao in 684 BC, Lu would never regain the upper hand against its neighbour. Meanwhile, the power of the dukes of Lu was eventually undermined by the powerful feudal clans of Jisun 季孫, Mengsun 孟孫, and Shusun 叔孫 (called the Three Huan because they were descendants of Duke Huan of Lu). The domination of the Three Huan was such that Duke Zhao of Lu, in attempting to regain power, was exiled by them and never returned. It would not be until Duke Mu of Lu's reign, in the early Warring States period, that power eventually returned to the dukes again.

In 249 BC King Kaolie of the state of Chu invaded and annexed Lu. Duke Qing, the last ruler of Lu, became a commoner.[1][2]

The main line of the Duke of Zhou's descendants came from his firstborn son, the State of Lu ruler Bo Qin's third son Yu (魚) whose descendants adopted the surname Dongye (東野). The Duke of Zhou's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi (五经博士; 五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì).[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

東野家族大宗世系 Family Tree of the descendants of the Duke of Zhou in Chinese

Duke Huan of Lu's son through Qingfu (慶父) was the ancestor of Mencius. The genealogy is found in the Mencius family tree (孟子世家大宗世系).[14][15][16]

Rulers
The Chinese Plain, 5th century BC
A remnant of the city wall of Lu's capital city, surviving on the outskirts of Qufu

List of Lu rulers based on the Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian:[1][2]

Title Given name Reign Relationship
Boqinc. 1042–997 BCson of Duke of Zhou
Duke KaoYou998–995 BCson of Boqin
Duke YangXi or Yi994–989 BCbrother of Duke Kao
Duke YouZai or Yu988–975 BCson of Duke Yang
Duke WeiFei974–925 BCbrother of Duke You
Duke LiZhuo or Di924–888 BCson of Duke Wei
Duke XianJu887–856 BCbrother of Duke Li
Duke ShenBi or Zhi855–826 BCson of Duke Xian
Duke WuAo825–816 BCbrother of Duke Shen
Duke YiXi815–807 BCson of Duke Wu
noneBoyu806–796 BCnephew of Duke Yi
Duke XiaoCheng795–769 BCbrother of Duke Yi
Duke HuiFuhuang or Fusheng768–723 BCson of Duke Xiao
Duke YinXigu722–712 BCson of Duke Hui
Duke HuanYun711–694 BCbrother of Duke Yin
Duke ZhuangTong693–662 BCson of Duke Huan
ZibanBan662 BCson of Duke Zhuang
Duke MinQi661–660 BCson of Duke Zhuang
Duke XiShen659–627 BCson of Duke Zhuang
Duke Wen IXing626–609 BCson of Duke Xi
Duke XuanWo608–591 BCson of Duke Wen I
Duke ChengHeigong590–573 BCson of Duke Xuan
Duke XiangWu572–542 BCson of Duke Cheng
ZiyeYe542 BCson of Duke Xiang
Duke ZhaoChou541–510 BCson of Duke Xiang
Duke DingSong509–495 BCbrother of Duke Zhao
Duke AiJiang494–467 BCson of Duke Ding
Duke DaoNing466–429 BCson of Duke Ai
Duke YuanJia428–408 BCson of Duke Dao
Duke MuXian407–377 BCson of Duke Yuan
Duke GongFen376–353 BCson of Duke Mu
Duke KangTun352–344 BCson of Duke Gong
Duke JingYan343–323 BCson of Duke Kang
Duke PingShu322–303 BCson of Duke Jing
Duke Wen IIJia302–278 BCson of Duke Ping
Duke QingChou277–249 BCson of Duke Wen II

See also

References
  1. Sima Qian. 鲁周公世家 [House of Duke of Zhou of Lu]. Records of the Grand Historian (in Chinese). Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  2. Han, Zhaoqi (2010). "House of Duke of Zhou of Lu". Annotated Shiji (in Chinese). Zhonghua Book Company. p. 2691. ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3.
  3. H.S. Brunnert; V.V. Hagelstrom (2013). Present Day Political Organization of China. Routledge. pp. 493–494. ISBN 978-1-135-79795-9.
  4. http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Present_Day_Political_Organization_of_China_1000115601/507
  5. Brunnert, I. S. (Ippolit Semenovich); Gagelstrom, V. V.; Kolesov, N. F. (Nikolai Fedorovich); Bielchenko, Andrei Terentevich; Moran, Edward Eugene. "Present day political organization of China". New York : Paragon. Retrieved 17 April 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  6. H.S. Brunnert; V.V. Hagelstrom (15 April 2013). Present Day Political Organization of China. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79794-2.
  7. Qin ding da Qing hui dian (Jiaqing chao)0. 1818. p. 1084.
  8. 不詳 (21 August 2015). 新清史. 朔雪寒. GGKEY:ZFQWEX019E4.
  9. Sturgeon, Donald. "曝書亭集 : 卷三十三 – 中國哲學書電子化計劃". ctext.org. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  10. "什么是 五经博士 意思详解 – 淘大白". www.taodabai.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  11. 王士禎 (3 September 2014). 池北偶談. 朔雪寒. GGKEY:ESB6TEXXDCT.
  12. 徐錫麟; 錢泳 (10 September 2014). 熙朝新語. 朔雪寒. GGKEY:J62ZFNAA1NF.
  13. "【从世袭翰林院五经博士到奉祀官】_三民儒家_新浪博客". blog.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  14. 《三遷志》，（清）孟衍泰續修
  15. 《孟子世家譜》，（清）孟廣均主編，1824年
  16. 《孟子與孟氏家族》，孟祥居編，2005年

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