Lower segment Caesarean section

A lower (uterine) segment Caesarean section (LSCS) is the most commonly used type of Caesarean section.[1] Most commonly to deliver the baby a transverse incision is made in the lower uterine segment above the attachment of the urinary bladder to the uterus. This type of incision results in less blood loss and is easier to repair than other types of Caesarean sections.

First description of Pfannenstiel's incision.
A Pfannenstiel incision for a caesarian section closed with surgical staples. The superior aspect of mons pubis and pubic hair are seen at bottom of the image.
Comparison of incisions used for caesarean section
Is: Supra-umbilical incision
Im: Median incision
IM: Maylard incision
IP: Pfannenstiel incision

A vertical incision in the lower uterine segment may be performed in the following circumstances:[2]

  • presence of lateral varicosities
  • constriction ring to cut through it
  • deeply engaged head

The location of an LSCS is beneficial for the following reasons:

  • peritoneum is more loosely attached to the uterus
  • contraction is less than in upper part of uterus
  • healing is more efficient
  • sutures are intact (less problem with suture loosening)

Most bleeding takes place from the angles of the incision, and forceps can be applied to control it. Green Armytage forceps are specifically designed for this purpose.[3]

Although the incision is made using a sharp scalpel, care must be taken not to injure the foetus, especially if the membranes are ruptured, or in emergencies like abruption. The incision can be extended to either sides using a scissor or by blunt dissection using hands. While using the scissors, the surgeon should ensure that a finger is placed underneath the uterus so that the foetus in protected from unintentional injury. If blunt dissection is done, intraoperative blood loss can be minimized. In cases where Pfannenstiel incision cannot be done (such as large baby), Kronig incision (low vertical incision),[4] classical (midline), J[5] or T shaped incisions[6] may be used to incise the uterus.[7]

  • Abdominal wall incision that exposes anterior wall of the uterus
  • Pull-out of the newborn baby
  • Complete extraction of newborn out of the womb
  • Cleaning prior to handing the newborn to the pediatrics team
  • Chance for mom to meet the baby
  • Suturing of the uterus

Etymology and history

The German gynecologist Hermann Johannes Pfannenstiel (1862–1909) invented the technique.[8] In the United Kingdom, the surgery was first popularised by Dr. Monroe Kerr, who first used it in 1911, so in English speaking countries it is sometimes called the Kerr incision or the Pfannenstiel-Kerr incision. Kerr published the results in 1920, proposing that this method would cause less damage to the vascularized areas of uterus than the classical operation. He claimed that it was better than the longitudinal uterine incision in terms of chances for scar rupture and injury to vessels.[9]

References
  1. Powell, John (2001). "The Kerr Incision". Journal of Pelvic Surgery. 7 (3): 77–78. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  2. Obstetrics Simplified - Diaa M. EI-Mowafi > Caesarean Section Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Edited by Aldo Campana, September 4, 2008
  3. Lower segment Caesarean section Primary Surgery: Volume One: Non-trauma. Prev. Chapter 10. The surgery of labour
  4. "Cesarean Delivery: Overview, Preparation, Technique". 2017-08-16. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. Zou, Li; Zhong, Shaoping; Zhao, Yin; Zhu, Jianwen; Chen, Lijuan (April 2010). "Evaluation of "J"-shaped uterine incision during caesarean section in patients with placenta previa: a retrospective study". Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical Sciences. 30 (2): 212–216. doi:10.1007/s11596-010-0216-z. ISSN 1672-0733. PMID 20407876. S2CID 195679609.
  6. Boyle, J. G.; Gabbe, S. G. (February 1996). "T and J vertical extensions in low transverse cesarean births". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 87 (2): 238–243. doi:10.1016/0029-7844(95)00388-6. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 8559531. S2CID 25233309.
  7. Josef, Fischer (2006-12-18). Mastery of Surgery (4 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1818. ISBN 9780781771658. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  8. Elsevier (2003). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (30th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7216-0146-5.
  9. Powell, John (2001). "The Kerr Incision". Journal of Pelvic Surgery. 7 (3): 77–78. Retrieved 17 December 2016.

Further reading
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