List of tallest freestanding steel structures
This is a list of tallest freestanding steel structures in the world past and present. To be a freestanding steel structure it must not be supported by guy wires, the list therefore does not include guyed masts and the main vertical and lateral structural elements and floor systems in the case of buildings, are constructed from steel. This type of construction is a rarity today as most tall buildings are built with a composite structure featuring a reinforced concrete core.
Steel Structures (above 275 m / 900 ft in height)
- Structures no longer standing are in italics.
- For all structures the pinnacle height is given meaning it includes both spires and antennas as long as they are built of steel.
On Land
Rank | Name | Pinnacle height (metres / feet) | Year | Type | Main use | Country | City | Remarks | Coordinates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tokyo Skytree | 634 | 2,080 | 2012 | Lattice tower | Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting | Japan | Tokyo | Tallest structure in Japan. Tallest tower in the world. Inclusion on the list is arguable as it is not entirely a steel structure, although the external steel lattice provides most of the structural support the tower does has a concrete core. | 35°42′36.5″N 139°48′39″E |
2 | Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) | 527.0 | 1,729 | 1974 | Skyscraper | Office, observation, FM/TV-broadcasting | United States | Chicago | Tallest building in the world 1974–1998 (by structural height). | 41°52′44.1″N 87°38′10.2″W |
One World Trade Center (1973–2001) | 526.7[1] | 1,728 | 1973 | Skyscraper | Office, observation, FM/TV-broadcasting | United States | New York City | Destroyed on 11 September 2001. Tallest freestanding structure that no longer exists. Tallest building in the world 1972–1974. | 40°42′42″N 74°00′45″W | |
3 | John Hancock Center | 457.2 | 1,500 | 1969 | Skyscraper | Office, residential, FM/TV-broadcasting | United States | Chicago | World's tallest mixed-use building 1969–2008. | 41°53′55.68″N 87°37′22.8″W |
4 | Empire State Building | 449 | 1,474 | 1931 | Skyscraper | Office, observation, UHF/VHF-transmission | United States | New York City | Tallest freestanding structure 1931–1967. Tallest skyscraper 1931–1973. First Skyscraper with 100+ stories. |
40°44′54.0″N 73°59′09″W |
5 | One Vanderbilt | 427 | 1,401 | 2020 | Skyscraper | Office, observation | United States | New York City | 40.7530°N 73.9785°W | |
Two World Trade Center (1973–2001) | 415.3 | 1,362 | 1973 | Skyscraper | Office, observation | United States | New York City | Destroyed on 11 September 2001. | 40°42′42″N 74°00′45″W | |
6 | 30 Hudson Yards | 395 | 1,296 | 2019 | Skyscraper | Office, observation, retail | United States | New York City | Has the highest outdoor observation deck in the Western Hemisphere. | 40.754661°N 74.003783°W |
7 | Zhongyuan Tower | 388 | 1,273 | 2010 | Steel tower | Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting | China | Zhengzhou | 34°43′29″N 113°43′22″E | |
8 | Kyiv TV Tower | 385 | 1,263 | 1973 | Lattice tower | FM/TV-broadcasting | Ukraine | Kyiv | 50°28′16″N 30°27′12″E | |
9 | Tuntex Sky Tower | 378 | 1,240 | 1997 | Skyscraper | Hotel, office, observation, FM/TV-broadcasting | Taiwan | Kaohsiung | 22°36′42″N 120°18′0″E | |
10 | Tashkent Tower | 374.9 | 1,230 | 1984 | Steel tower | Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting | Uzbekistan | Tashkent | 41°20′44.05″N 69°17′4.57″E | |
11 | Almaty Tower | 371.5 | 1,219 | 1983 | Steel tower | Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting | Kazakhstan | Almaty | Tallest free-standing tubular steel structure. | 43°13′44″N 76°58′34″E |
12 tie | Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie North Tower | 370 | 1,214 | 2010 | Lattice tower | Electricity pylon | China | Zhoushan Island | Tallest electricity pylon in the world. | 29°56′2.78″N 122°2′10.12″E |
12 tie | Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie South Tower | 370 | 1,214 | 2010 | Lattice tower | Electricity pylon | China | Zhoushan Island | Tallest electricity pylon in the world. | 29°54′41.39″N 122°1′26.38″E |
14 | Riga Radio and TV Tower | 368.5 | 1,209 | 1987 | Steel tower | Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting | Latvia | Riga | Tallest structure in the European Union. | 56°55′26″N 24°08′14″E |
15 | Aon Center | 362.5 | 1,189 | 1973 | Skyscraper | Office | United States | Chicago | 41°53′07″N 87°37′17″W | |
16 | First Canadian Place | 355 | 1,165 | 1975 | Skyscraper | Office, FM/TV-broadcasting | Canada | Toronto | Tallest skyscraper in Canada | 43°38′55″N 79°22′54″W |
17 tie | Yangtze River Crossing North Tower | 347 | 1,138 | 2003 | Lattice tower | Electricity pylon | China | Jiangyin | Second tallest set of electricity pylons in the world | 31°58′17″N 120°3′12″E |
17 tie | Yangtze River Crossing South Tower | 347 | 1,138 | 2003 | Lattice tower | Electricity pylon | China | Jiangyin | Second tallest set of electricity pylons in the world | 31°57′4″N 120°2′53″E |
19 | The Center | 346 | 1,135 | 1998 | Skyscraper | Office | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | 22°17′05″N 114°09′16″E | |
20 | 4 Times Square | 340.7 | 1,118 | 2000 | Skyscraper | Office | United States | New York City | 40°45′21″N 73°59′09″W | |
21 | Dragon Tower | 336 | 1,102 | 2000 | Lattice tower | Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting | China | Harbin | 45°44′45.55″N 126°40′28″E | |
22 | Tokyo Tower | 332.6 | 1,091 | 1958 | Lattice tower | Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting | Japan | Tokyo | Second tallest structure in Japan | 35°39′31″N 139°44′44″E |
23 | Minsheng Bank Building | 331 | 1,087 | 2007 | Skyscraper | Office | China | Wuhan | 30.597°N 114.268°E | |
24 | WITI TV Tower | 329.4 | 1,081 | 1962 | Lattice tower | FM/TV-broadcasting | United States | Shorewood (Milwaukee), Wisconsin | 43°05′26″N 87°53′50″W | |
25 tie | St. Petersburg TV Tower | 326 | 1,070 | 1962 | Lattice tower | Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting | Russia | St. Petersburg | 59°58′36″N 30°19′15″E | |
25 tie | Linyi Radio and TV Tower[2] | 326 | 1,070 | 2010 | Steel tower | Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting, Amusement ride | China | Linyi | 35°4′52″N 118°21′44″E | |
27 | Eiffel Tower | 324 | 1,063 | 1889 | Lattice tower | Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting | France | Paris | Tallest structure in the world from 1889 to 1930; first structure to exceed 300 metres in height | 48°51′29.6″N 2°17′40.2″E |
28 | WHDH-TV Tower | 323.8 | 1,062 | 1960 | Lattice tower | TV-broadcasting | United States | Newton, Massachusetts | 42°18′41″N 71°12′58″W | |
29 | Chrysler Building | 319 | 1,046 | 1930 | Skyscraper | Office | United States | New York City | Tallest structure in the world 1930–1931 | 40°45′06″N 73°58′31″W |
29 | New York Times Building | 319 | 1,046 | 2007 | Skyscraper | Office | United States | New York City | 40°45′23″N 73°59′24″W | |
31 | KCTV-Tower | 317.6 | 1,042 | 1956 | Lattice tower | TV-broadcasting | United States | Kansas City | 39°04′15″N 94°34′58″W | |
Turner Broadcasting tower (1967-2010) | 314.3 | 1,031 | 1980 | Lattice tower | TV-broadcasting | United States | Atlanta, Georgia | Demolished in 2010 | 33.7825°N 84.388611°W | |
32 | TV Tower Yerevan | 311.7 | 1,023 | 1977 | Lattice tower | FM/TV-broadcasting | Armenia | Yerevan | 40°10′16.64″N 44°32′10.77″E | |
33 | U.S. Bank Tower | 311 | 1,018 | 1990 | Skyscraper | Office | United States | Los Angeles | 34.0510°N 118.2542°W | |
34 | Fazilka TV Tower | 304.8 | 1,000 | 2007 | Lattice tower | FM/TV-broadcasting | India | Fazilka | 30°23′44.42″N 74°1′57.87″E | |
35 | Wells Fargo Plaza | 302 | 992 | 1983 | Skyscraper | Office | United States | Houston | 29.7584396°N 95.3682630°W | |
36 tie | Mumbai Television Tower | 300 | 984 | 1972 | Lattice tower | TV-broadcasting | India | Mumbai | 19°00′26″N 72°49′12″E | |
36 tie | Abeno Harukas | 300 | 984 | 2014 | Skyscraper | Office, Observation | Japan | Osaka | Tallest skyscraper in Japan.[3] | 34°38′45.6″N 135°30′48.2″E |
38 | Sutro Tower | 297.8 | 977 | 1973 | Lattice tower | FM/TV-broadcasting | United States | San Francisco, California | 37.75523°N 122.45284°W | |
39 | Landmark Tower | 296.3 | 972 | 1993 | Skyscraper | Office, Observation | Japan | Yokohama | 35°27′17″N 139°37′54″E | |
40 tie | Tucuruí transmission line North Tower | 295 | 968 | 2013 | Lattice tower | Electricity pylon | Brazil | Jurupari island | ||
40 tie | Tucuruí transmission line South Tower | 295 | 968 | 2013 | Lattice tower | Electricity pylon | Brazil | Jurupari island | ||
42 | WKRQ Tower | 294.6 | 967 | 1960's | Lattice tower | FM/TV-broadcasting | United States | Cincinnati, Ohio | 39°06′59″N 84°30′07″W | |
43 | Zhuzhou Television Tower | 293 | 961 | 1999 | Lattice tower | FM/TV-broadcasting | China | Shijiazhuang | 27°49′17″N 113°06′49″E | |
44 | Star Tower | 290.8 | 954 | 1991 | Lattice tower | FM/TV-broadcasting | United States | Cincinnati, Ohio | Landmark tower design | 39°12′01″N 84°31′22″W |
45 | 70 Pine Street | 290.2 | 952 | 1932 | Skyscraper | Office | United States | New York | 40°42′23″N 74°00′27″W | |
46 | WLWT TV Tower | 289.6 | 950 | 1978 | Lattice tower | TV-broadcasting | United States | Cincinnati, Ohio | 39°07′27″N 84°31′18″W | |
47 | One Liberty Place | 288 | 945 | 1987 | Skyscraper | Office | United States | Philadelphia | 39.9522°N 75.1678°W | |
48 | Dudelange Radio Tower | 285 | 935 | 1957 | Lattice tower | FM-broadcasting | Luxembourg | Dudelange | 49°27′48″N 6°05′45″E | |
49 tie | Akashi Kaikyō Bridge North Tower | 282.8 | 928 | 1998 | Bridge | Transportation | Japan | Kobe | 34.6162°N 135.0205°E | |
49 tie | Akashi Kaikyō Bridge South Tower | 282.8 | 928 | 1998 | Bridge | Transportation | Japan | Kobe | 34.6162°N 135.0205°E | |
49 tie | Cheung Kong Centre | 282.8 | 928 | 1999 | Skyscraper | Office | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | 22°16′46″N 114°09′37″E | |
52 | 40 Wall Street | 282.6 | 927 | 1930 | Skyscraper | Office | United States | New York | 40.706964°N 74.009672°W | |
54 tie | United Overseas Bank Plaza | 280 | 919 | 1992 | Skyscraper | Office | Singapore | Singapore | 1.28555°N 103.84972°E | |
54 tie | Shijiazhuang TV-tower | 280 | 919 | 1998 | Lattice tower | TV-broadcasting | China | Shijiazhuang | 38°01′15.81″N 114°31′40.14″E | |
54 tie | AIR tower | 280 | 919 | 2013 | Lattice tower | FM-broadcasting | India | Amritsar | originally intended to be 300 m tall[4] currently 280 m[5] due to a tilt in the towers angle.[6] | 31°36′56.58″N 74°39′54.49″E |
56 | Citigroup Center | 278.9 | 915 | 1977 | Skyscraper | Office | United States | New York | 40.758533°N 73.970314°W | |
57 | OUB Centre | 277.8 | 911 | 1992 | Skyscraper | Office | Singapore | Singapore | 1.2846°N 103.8510°E | |
58 | Net 25 Tower | 276.4 | 907 | 1990 | Lattice tower | TV-broadcasting | Philippines | Quezon City | 14°39′45″N 121°03′36″E | |
59 | WCPO TV Tower | 276 | 905 | 1965 | Lattice tower | FM/TV-broadcasting | United States | Cincinnati, Ohio | 39°07′30″N 84°29′56″W | |
60 tie | Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower | 275 | 901 | 1972 | Lattice tower | TV-broadcasting | Georgia | Tbilisi | 41°41′45″N 44°47′05″E | |
60 tie | RCTI TV Tower[7] | 275 | 901 | ? | Lattice tower | TV-broadcasting | Indonesia | Jakarta | ||
60 tie | Williams Tower | 275 | 901 | 1982 | Skyscraper | Office | United States | Houston | 29°44′14″N 95°27′41″W | |
In Water
Name | Pinnacle height (metres / feet) | Year | Type | Main use | Built in | Current location | Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Petronius Compliant Tower | 640 | 2,100 | 2000 | Compliant tower | Oil Rig | United States | Gulf of Mexico | Tallest freestanding structure in the world 2000–2008. Inclusion on the list is arguable as this structure is a compliant tower which is freestand and demonstrates static stability, however it has a greater degree of lateral deformation/flexibility, up to 2.5%, compared to land-based structures, usually 0.5% or less, in order to better cope with sea forces. |
Baldpate Compliant Tower | 581.5 | 1,908 | 1998 | Compliant tower | Oil Rig | United States | Gulf of Mexico | Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1998–2000. Inclusion on the list is arguable as this structure is a compliant tower which is freestand and demonstrates static stability, however it has a greater degree of lateral deformation/flexibility, up to 2.5%, compared to land-based structures, usually 0.5% or less, in order to better cope with sea forces. |
Bullwinkle Platform | 529 | 1,736 | 1989 | Fixed truss tower | Oil Rig | United States | Gulf of Mexico | Tallest fixed/rigged freestanding structure built in water |
Benguela-Belize Lobito-Tomboco Platform[8] | 512 | 1,680 | 2008 | Compliant tower | Oil Rig | United States | Congo basin | Inclusion on the list is arguable as this structure is a compliant tower which is freestand and demonstrates static stability, however it has a greater degree of lateral deformation/flexibility, up to 2.5%, compared to land-based structures, usually 0.5% or less, in order to better cope with sea forces. |
Pompano Platform | 477 | 1,565 | 1994 | Fixed truss tower | Oil Rig | United States | Gulf of Mexico | |
Tombua Landana platform[9] | 474 | 1,554 | 2009 | Compliant tower | Oil Rig | United States | Congo basin | Inclusion on the list is arguable as this structure is a compliant tower which is freestand and demonstrates static stability, however it has a greater degree of lateral deformation/flexibility, up to 2.5%, compared to land-based structures, usually 0.5% or less, in order to better cope with sea forces. |
Coelacanth Platform[10] | 400 | 1,312 | 2016 | Truss tower | Oil Rig | United States | Gulf of Mexico | |
Cognac Platform[11] | 385.5 | 1,265 | 1977 | Fixed truss tower | Oil Rig | United States | Gulf of Mexico | |
Harmony Platform[12] | 366 | 1,200 | 1992 | Fixed truss tower | Oil Rig | South Korea[13] | California | Height is only to water level, likely to be taller than the Cognac Platform |
Hondo Platform[14] | 354.5 | 1,163 | 1976 | Fixed truss tower | Oil Rig | United States | Gulf of Mexico | |
Virgo Platform[12] | 344 | 1,130 | 1999 | Fixed truss tower | Oil Rig | United States | Gulf of Mexico | Height is only to water level, likely to be taller than the Cognac Platform |
Cerveza Platform[15] | 327 | 1,073 | 1981 | Fixed truss tower | Oil Rig | United States | Gulf of Mexico | |
Cerveza Light Platform[15] | 327 | 1,073 | 1981 | Fixed truss tower | Oil Rig | United States | Gulf of Mexico | |
Heritage Platform[12] | 326 | 1,070 | 1992 | Fixed truss tower | Oil Rig | South Korea[16] | California | Height is only to water level, likely to be taller than the Cognac Platform |
Amberjack Platform[12] | 314 | 1,030 | 1991 | Fixed truss tower | Oil Rig | United States | Gulf of Mexico | Height is only to water level, likely to be taller than the Cognac Platform |
See also
- List of tallest buildings
- List of tallest towers in the world
- List of tallest freestanding structures in the world
- List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
- List of tallest structures in the world by country
- List of tallest oil platforms
- Lattice tower
References
- "See One World Trade Center by skyscrapercenter.com". Retrieved 2020-07-03.
- "Linyi Radio & TV Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
- "Tallest high-rise nears completion". The Japan Times. The Japan Times. 2013-10-23. Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2019-08-28.
- https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/doordarshan-air-tower-lying-defunct-yet-to-rule-air-waves-in-amritsar-191662
- https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/government-move-to-reduce-height-of-air-tower-draws-flak-381912
- https://theprint.in/india/governance/heres-why-air-bid-to-check-pakistans-radio-propaganda-in-punjab-is-doomed-to-fail/123524/
- Rirdan, Daniel (July 29, 2012). The Blueprint: Averting Global Collapse. Daniel Rirdan. ISBN 9781470135881 – via Google Books.
- "Chevron Announces First Oil Production From Benguela-Belize Development, Deepwater Block 14, Offshore Angola | Chevron Corporation". chevroncorp.gcs-web.com.
- https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/tombua-landana/#:~:text=Tombua%20Landana%20platform,seafloor%20by%2012%20foundation%20piles.
- http://www.walteroil.com/e-p-operations/coelacanth-project.html
- "Oil Rig – A-Cognac". September 12, 2017.
- http://www.smalldeadanimals.com/secondarypages/MIDDLE%20AGES.pdf
- List of tallest oil platforms#cite note-2
- Times, Robert Lindsey Special to The New York (November 10, 1976). "Exxon Nears Completion Of Deepest Offshore Rig" – via NYTimes.com.
- https://cdn.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/content-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/2015F191205A4FB492B68B6FC2FC4501/alecture7%20choo.pdf
- List of tallest oil platforms#cite note-25
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