List of medieval composers

Medieval music generally encompasses the music of the Western Europe during the Middle Ages, from approximately the 6th to 15th centuries.

Medieval composers

   No surviving music ·    Uncertain status as a composer

Medieval composers

Name	Lifetime	Nationality	Musical school	Surviving works	Image	Ref(s)
The Western Roman Empire falls in 476, ushering in the Middle Ages
(5th century) Early Middle Ages
(9th century) The Abbey of Saint Gall becomes a musical and literary center of Europe
Notker the Stammerer (Notker Balbulus)	c. 840 – 912	Frankish?	Abbey of Saint Gall	Three works		[1][2][3][4]
Tuotilo	c. 850 – 915	Frankish	Abbey of Saint Gall	Five works	–	[5][6]
Stephen of Liège	c. 850 – 920	Belgian	–	Three works	–	[7]
Hucbald	c. 850 – 930	Frankish	–	Five works	–	[8][9]
Odo of Cluny	c. 878 – 942	French	–	15 works; 3 hymns and 12 antiphons (?)		[10][11]
Heriger of Lobbes (Herigerus)	c. 925 – 1007	Belgian	–	Four works	–	[12]
Odo of Arezzo (Abbot Oddo)	10th century – 11th century	Italian	–		–	[13]
Fulbert of Chartres	c. 960 – 1028	French	–	Three chants	–	[14]
William of Volpiano (William of Dijon, William of Saint Benignus)	962–1031	Italian	–			[15]
Notker Physicus (Notker II)	d. 975	Frankish	Abbey of Saint Gall	Three works	–	[16]
Adémar de Chabannes	c. 988/9 – 1034	French	Saint Martial school	Two works (?); An Office and Mass	–	[17]
Wulfstan the Cantor (Wulfstan of Winchester)	fl. 992–6	English	–	Seven works; All uncertain attributions	–	[18]
Wipo of Burgundy	c. 995 – c. 1050	Frankish? (Arles/ Burgundy)	–	Victimae paschali laudes	–	[19]
(1000) High Middle Ages
Arnold of Saint Emmeram	c. 1000 – 1050	Benedictine	Saint Emmeram's Abbey	60 works; over 40 antiphons and 20 responsories	–	[20]
Otloh of Sankt Emmeram	c. 1010–1070	Benedictine	Saint Emmeram's Abbey	Exultemus in ista fratres, Kyrie O pater immense and chants	–	[21]
Hermann of Reichenau Hermannus Contractus	1013–1054	German	–	Two works		[22]
Berno of Reichenau	before 1014 – 1048	Probably German	–	Two works	–	[23]
Godric	c. 1069 – 1170	English	–	Three songs		[24][25]
Adam of Saint Victor	c. 1068 – 1146	French	–	Four works	–	[26][27]
(1071) The earliest Troubadour whose work survives, William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, is born
William IX, Duke of Aquitaine (Guilhem de Peitieus; Guillaume d'Aquitaine)	1071–1126	Occitan	Troubadour	One work; 11 poems total		[28]
Peter Abelard	1079–1142	French	–			[29]
Hildegard of Bingen	1098–1179	German	–	72 works		[30][31]
Jaufre Rudel	fl. 1120–47	Occitan	Troubadour	Four works; six poems total		[32]
Marcabru	fl. c. 1129–c1150	Occitan	Troubadour	Four works; 42 poems total		[33]
Archpoet (Archipoeta)	c. 1130 – c. 1165	Western European probably French or German	Goliard	10 medieval Latin poems	–	[34]
Bernart de Ventadorn	c. 1130–1140 – c. 1190–1200	Occitan	Troubadour	19 (1 fragmentary) works; 45 poems total		[35]
Giraut de Bornelh	c. 1140 – c. 1200	Occitan	Troubadour	Four works; 77 poems total		[36]
(Mid 12th-century) Minnesänger are first recorded; beginning with Heinrich von Veldeke
Heinrich von Veldeke	1140–1150 – c. 1190	German	Minnesang	No surviving works; 61 poems total		[37]
(Mid 12th-century) Trouvères are first recorded; beginning with the pseudonymous "Vidame de Chartres" and Chrétien de Troyes
"Vidame de Chartres" (probably Guillaume de Ferrières)	c. 1145–1155 – 1204	French	Trouvère		–	[38]
Albertus Parisiensis	fl. 1146–1177	French	–	Congaudeant catholici	–	[39]
Peire d'Alvernha	fl. 1149–70	Occitan	Troubadour	Two works; 24 poems total		[40]
Dietmar von Aist	fl. 2nd half of the 12th century	German	Minnesinger	No surviving music		[41]
Friedrich von Hûsen (Friedrich von Hausen)	c. 1150 – 1190	German	Minnesänger	No music survives; 53 strophes		[42]
Léonin	fl. 1150s – c. 1201	French	Notre-Dame school (Ars antiqua)			[43]
Bertran de Born	1150 – before 1215	Occitan	Troubadour			[44]
Gaucelm Faidit	c. 1150 – c. 1220	Occitan	Troubadour	14 works; 68 poems total		[45]
Arnaut Daniel	c. 1150–60 – c. 1200	Occitan	Troubadour	Two works; 18 poems total		[46]
Raimbaut de Vaqueiras	c. 1150–60 – 1207	Occitan	Troubadour	Seven works; 35 poems total		[47]
Folquet de Marselha (Folquet de Marseille)	c. 1150–60 – 1231	Occitan	Troubadour	13 works; 29 poems total		[48]
Conon de Béthune	c. 1160 – 1219 /20	French	Trouvère	Seven works; eight poems total	–	[49]
Der von Kürenberg	fl. 1160	German	Minnesinger			[50]
Chrétien de Troyes	fl. c. 1160 – 1191	French	Trouvère			[51]
Gace Brule	c. 1160 – after 1213	French	Trouvère		–	[52]
Peirol	c. 1160 – after 1221	Occitan	Troubadour	17 works; 34 poems total		[53]
Philippe le Chancelier	c. 1160 – 1236	French	Notre-Dame school (Ars antiqua)		–	[54]
Raimbaut d'Aurenga	fl. 1162–73	Occitan	Troubadour			[55]
Chastelain de Couci	c. 1165 – 1203	French	Trouvère	–		[56]
Gautier de Dargies	c. 1165 – after 1236	French	Trouvère		–	[57]
Arnaut de Mareuil	fl. c. 1170–1200	Occitan	Troubadour			[58]
Wolfram von Eschenbach	fl. c. 1170–1220	German	Minnesänger	No surviving music from seven poems		[59]
Walther von der Vogelweide	c. 1170 – c. 1230	German	Minnesänger			[60]
Aimeric de Peguilhan	c. 1175 – c. 1230	Occitan	Troubadour	Six works; 50 poems total		[61]
Gautier de Coincy	1177/8 – 1236	French	Trouvère	Eight surviving poems with music		[62]
Blondel de Nesle	fl. 1180–1200	French	Trouvère			[63]
Albrecht von Johansdorf	c. 1180 – c. 1209	German	Minnesänger
Peire Cardenal	1180–1278	Occitan	Troubadour	Three works; 90 poems total		[64]
Peire Vidal	fl. c. 1183 – c. 1205	Occitan	Troubadour	12 works; 50 poems total		[65]
Raimon de Miraval	fl. 1185–1229	Occitan	Troubadour	22 works; 48 poems total		[66]
Reinmar von Hagenau (Reinmar der Alte)	fl. 1185–1205 – c. 1205	German	Minnesänger			[67]
Audefroi le Bastart	fl. 1190–1230	French	Trouvère		–	[68]
Bernger von Horheim	fl. 1196	German	Minnesänger	No music; six poems survive		[69]
Comtessa de Dia (Beatriz de Dia)	fl. late 12th/early 13th century	Occitan	Trobairitz			[70]
Neidhart von Reuental	c. 1190 – after 1236	German	Minnesänger			[71]
Guillaume le Vinier	c. 1190 – 1245	French	Trouvère			[72]
Pérotin (Perotinus)	fl. c. 1200	French	Notre-Dame school (Ars antiqua)		–	[73]
Colin Muset	fl. 1200–50	French	Trouvère	12 works; seven with surviving music	–	[74]
Jehan Erart	1200–10 – 1258/9	French	Trouvère			[75]
Reinmar von Zweter	c. 1200 – c. 1260	German	Minnesänger	–		[76]
Wincenty of Kielcza	c. 1200 – after 1262	Polish	–		–	[77]
Castelloza	fl. early 13th century	Occitan	Trobairitz	No surviving music; three poems	–	[78]
Jehan Bretel	c. 1210 – 1272	French	Trouvère			[79]
Raoul de Soissons	1210–1215 – 1270	French	Trouvère			[80]
Moniot d'Arras	fl. 1213–39	French	Trouvère			[81]
Guiot de Dijon	fl. 1215–25	French	Trouvère	Four works; 17 poems total	–	[82]
Gontier de Soignies	fl. before 1220	French	Trouvère		–	[83]
Heinrich von Morungen	d. 1222	German	Minnesänger	32 minnelieder survive with music, one without		[84]
Sordello	fl. c. 1220–69	Italian	–
Gautier d'Épinal	before 1220 – before 1272	French	Trouvère			[85]
Konrad von Würzburg	c. 1230 – 1287	German	Minnesänger			[86]
Guiraut Riquier	c. 1230 – c. 1300	Occitan	Troubadour	48 works; 49 poems total		[87]
Martin Codax	fl. c. 1240–70	Spanish (Galician)	Galician-Portuguese lyric	Six songs; one know to be lost		[88]
Adam de la Halle	1245–50 – 1285–8/after 1306	French	Trouvère	78 works		[89]
(1250) Late Middle Ages
Der wilde Alexander (Meister Alexander)	fl. mid to late 13th-century	German	Minnesänger	27 works; 24 Spruch strophes, two Minnelieder and one Leich		[90]
Franco of Cologne	fl. mid to late 13th century	German	–		–	[91]
Petrus de Cruce	fl. c. 1290	French	Ars antiqua		–	[92]
W. de Wycombe	fl. late 13th century	English	–		–	[93]
Philippe de Vitry	1291–1361	French	Ars nova	13 works at least		[94]
Casella	died before 1300	Italian	–	No surviving works	–	[95]
(14th century) The Trecento begins in Italy
Jehan de Lescurel	fl. early 14th century	French	Ars nova	34 works; all monophonic except one	–	[96]
Johannes Hadlaub	fl. 1300-1340	Swiss		51 works
Maestro Piero	c. 1300 – after 1350	Italian		Eight works	–
Guillaume de Machaut	c. 1300 – 1377	French	Ars nova	143 works		[97]
Marchetto da Padova	fl. 1305–19	Italian	Trecento	–		[98]
(1310) Ars nova is inaugurated in France by the preparation of the Roman de Fauvel; Machaut and de Vitry dominate the movement
Jacopo da Bologna	fl. 1340–1360	Italian	Trecento	34 works	–
Giovanni da Cascia (Giovanni da Firenze)	fl. 1340? – 14th century	Italian	Trecento	19 works	–
Gherardello da Firenze	1320/1325 – 1362/1363	Italian	Trecento	18 works	–
John Hanboys	c. 1320? – 1380?	English			–
Francesco Landini	1325/1335 – 1397	Italian	Trecento
Lorenzo da Firenze (Lorenzo Masini)	c. 1325 – 1372/1373	Italian	Trecento		–
Donato da Cascia	fl. c. 1350 – after 1370	Italian	Trecento		–
Mönch von Salzburg (Monk of Salzburg)	14th century – 14th century?	German
Johannes Alanus	c. 1332? – 1373?	English			–
Vincenzo da Rimini	c. 1332? – after 1364?	Italian	Trecento		–
Bartolino da Padova	fl. 1365 – after 1405	Italian	Trecento		–
Matheus de Sancto Johanne (Mayshuet de Joan)	fl. c. 1365 – after 1387	French			–
Magister Franciscus[n 1]	fl. 1370–80	French	Ars nova?	Two works; both three part ballades	–	[99]
Philippus de Caserta (Philipoctus de Caserta)	fl. c. 1370 – c. 1400	Italian	Trecento		–
Egardus	fl. c. 1370? – after 1400	Flemish			–
Egidius de Francia	14th century – 14th century?	French			–
F. Andrieu[n 1]	fl. c. 1377 – c. 1400	French	Ars nova	One work; a ballade for Machaut's death	–	[100]
Johannes Symonis Hasprois	fl. 1378 – 1428	French
Goscalch (Petrus de Godescalc?)	fl. c. 1378/1380 – 1394?	French?			–
P. des Molins	fl. mid 14th century	French	Ars nova	Two works; among the most popular pieces of their time	–	[101]
Niccolò da Perugia	14th century – c. 1400	Italian	Trecento		–
Jehan Suzay	fl. c. 1380 – after 1395	French			–
Trebor	fl. c. 1380 – c. 1400	French	Ars subtilior		–
Jan of Jenstejn	1348 – 1400	Bohemian
Záviš of Zápy	c. 1350 – c. 1411	Czech			–
Antonio Zacara da Teramo	c. 1350/1360 – c. 1413/1416	Italian	Trecento
Jacob Senleches	fl. c. 1382 – after 1395	French	Ars subtilior
Andrea da Firenze (Andreas de Florentia)	fl. c. 1375 – c. 1415	Italian	Trecento		–
Paolo da Firenze (Paolo Tenorista)	c. 1355 – c. 1436	Italian	Trecento		–
Solage	14th century – after 1403	French	Ars subtilior		–
Hugo von Montfort	1357 – 1423	German (Austrian)
Jehan Vaillant (Johannes Vaillant)	fl. 1360–1390	French	Ars nova	Five (six?) works	–	[102]
Giovanni Mazzuoli (Giovanni degli Organi)	1360 – 1426	Italian	Trecento		–
Grazioso da Padova (Gratiosus de Padua)	fl. c. 1391? – 15th century?	Italian	Trecento		–
Martinus Fabri	fl. 1395 – 1400	Dutch			–
Borlet[n 2]	fl. 1397? – after 1409	French	Ars subtilior	One work; a four-voice virelai	–	[103]
Aleyn	fl. c. 1400 – 15th century	English			–
Johannes Ciconia	c. 1370 – 1412	Flemish	Trecento		–
Matteo da Perugia	fl. 1400 – after 1416	Italian	Trecento		–
Johannes de Lymburgia	c. 1370 – 1430	Belgian			–
Johannes Tapissier (Jean de Noyers)	c. 1370 – before 1410	Burgundian			–
Johannes Cuvelier Jean; Jacquemart le Cuvelier	fl. c. 1372 – after 1387	French	Ars subtilior	Four works	–	[104]
Antonio da Cividale (Antonius de Civitate Austrie)	fl. c. 1392 – 1421	Italian	Trecento		–
Grimace	fl. mid-to-late 14th century	French	Ars nova	Five (Seven?) Works	–	[105]
Antonello da Caserta	14th century – after 1402?	Italian	Trecento		–
Nicolas Grenon	c. 1375 – 1456	Burgundian			–
Oswald von Wolkenstein	c. 1377 – 1445	German
Andrea Stefani	fl. c. 1399 – 15th century	Italian	Trecento		–
Bartolomeo da Bologna	fl. 1405 – after 1427	Italian	Trecento
Baude Cordier	c. 1380 – before 1440	French	Ars subtilior
Thomas Fabri	1380 – 1420	Flemish
Pierre Fontaine	c. 1380 – c. 1450	French
Nicolaus Ricii de Nucella Campli	fl. 1401-20 – after 1436	Italian	Trecento
Mikołaj Radomski (Nicolaus de Radom)	c. 1380 – 15th century	Polish
Ugolino da Forlì/da Orvieto	c. 1380 – c. 1457	Italian	Trecento
Leonel Power	c. 1370/1385? – 1445	English
Jacobus Vide	1385 – 1433	Burgundian
Queldryk	fl. c. 1400 – 15th century	English
Johannes Cesaris	fl. 1406 – 1417	French
Roy Henry (probably Henry V of England)	fl. c. 1410 – 15th century	English
Byttering (possibly Thomas Byttering)	fl. c. 1410 – after 1420?	English
Conradus de Pistoia (Coradus de Pistorio)	fl. c. 1410 – 15th century	Italian	Trecento
John Dunstaple (John Dunstable)	c. 1390 – 1453	English
Hugo de Lantins	fl. c. 1420 – after 1430?	Flemish
Richard Loqueville	died 1418	French				[106]
Pycard	fl. c. 1410 – 15th century	English or French
Arnold de Lantins	fl. 1423 – 1432	Flemish
Estienne Grossin	fl. 1418 – after 1421	French
For further composers see: List of Renaissance composers

Theorists

Timeline

Notes

1. F. Andrieu and Magister Franciscus may be the same person; scholars identify them as the person with varying degrees of certainty:
   • Reaney 2001a: Their works being from the same manuscript "suggest that the two composers may be the same person".
   • Abraham & Hughes 1960, p. 27: "Franciscus is doubtless the same man as the F. Andrieu..."
   • Reaney 1954, p. 67: "It would not be impossible for Magister Franciscus and F. Andrieu to be one and the same person"
   • Günther 2001a: "[Magister Franciscus] may be the F. Andrieu..."
   • Strohm 2005, p. 53: "[F. Andrieu] may be the same man as Magister Franciscus"
   • Magnan 1993, p. 49: "[On the identification between Andrieu and Franciscus] this tenuous identification leads nowhere."
2. He may be the same person as Trebor

References

1. Hiley, David (2001). "Notker". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20128. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
2. Yudkin 1989, p. 221.
3. Hoppin 1978, p. 155.
4. Reese 1940, pp. 129, 187–188.
5. Planchart, Alejandro Enrique (2001). "Tuotilo". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28589. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
6. Reese 1940, p. 185.
7. Huglo, Michel (2001). "Stephen of Liège". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26706. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
8. Chartier, Yves (2001). "Hucbald of St Amand". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13475. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
9. Reese 1940, pp. 125–126.
10. Brockett, Clyde; Huglo, Michel (2001). "Odo of Arezzo". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20255. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
11. Reese 1940, p. 126.
12. Huglo, Michel (2001). "Herigerus". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12853. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
13. Brockett, Clyde; Huglo, Michel (2001). "Odo of Arezzo". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20255. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
14. Fassler, Margot E. (2001). "Fulbert of Chartres". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10366. Retrieved 29 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
15. Huglo, Michel (2001). "Guillaume de Dijon". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11982. Retrieved 19 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
16. Kühne, Udo (2010). "Notker der Arzt" [Notker the doctor]. Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences. Retrieved 30 November 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
17. Grier, James (2001). "Adémar de Chabannes". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52477. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
18. Teviotdale, Elizabeth C. (2001). "Wulfstan [Wulstan, Wolstan] of Winchester". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30612. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
19. Crocker, Richard L. Crocker (2001). "Wipo". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30429. Retrieved 29 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
20. "Arnold of St Emmeram". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2001. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52832. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
21. Hiley, David (2001). "Otloh of St Emmeram". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52834. Retrieved 20 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
22. Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Hermannus Contractus". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12864. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
23. Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Berno of Reichenau". In Pesce, Dolores (ed.). Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02878. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
24. Hoppin 1978, pp. 322–323.
25. Trowell, Brian (2001). "Godric". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11345. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
26. Fassler, Margot E. (2001). "Adam of St Victor". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00166. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
27. Reese 1940, p. 189.
28. Falck, Robert (2001). "Guillaume IX, Duke of Aquitaine and 7th Count of Poitiers". Grove Music Online. Revised by John Haines. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11979. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
29. Weinrich, Lorenz (2001). "Abelard, Peter". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00036. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
30. Bent, Ian D. (2001). "Hildegard of Bingen". Grove Music Online. Revised by Marianne Pfau. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13016. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
31. Reese 1940, p. 129.
32. Falck, Robert (2001). "Rudel [Rudelh, Rudel de Blaja], Jaufre". Grove Music Online. Revised by John Haines. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24076. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
33. Haynes, Stephen (2001). "Marcabru". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17709. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
34. Anderson, Gordon A. (2001). "Archipoeta". In Payne, Thomas B. (ed.). Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01178. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
35. Falck, Robert (2001). "Bernart de Ventadorn". Grove Music Online. Revised by John Haines. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02862. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
36. Falck, Robert (2001). "Giraut [Girautz, Guiraut] de Bornelh". Grove Music Online. Revised by John Haines. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11208. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
37. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Hendrik [Heinrich, Heynrijck] van Veldeke". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12786. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
38. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Vidame de Chartres". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29310. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
39. Fuller, Sarah (2001). "Albertus Parisiensis". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00457. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
40. Aubrey, Elizabeth (2001). "Peire d'Alvernhe". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43519. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
41. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Dietmar von Aist". Grove Music Online. Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.07768. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
42. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Friedrich von [Fridrich] Hûsen". Grove Music Online. Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10274. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
43. Roesner, Edward H. (2001). "Léonin". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40466. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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46. Haines, John (2001). "Daniel [d'Aniels], Arnaut". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.07168. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
47. Falck, Robert (2001). "Raimbaut de Vaqeiras". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50117. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
48. Falck, Robert (2001). "Folquet de Marseille family". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09936. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
49. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Conon [Quennon, Quenes] de Béthune". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06298. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
50. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (31 May 2007). "Der Kürenberger | Austrian minnesinger | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
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52. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Gace Brulé". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10463. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
53. Falck, Robert (2001). "Peirol". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21203. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
54. Payne, Thomas B. (2001). "Philip the Chancellor". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21561. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
55. Aubrey, Elizabeth (2001). "Raimbaut d'Aurenga". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43520. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
56. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Chastelain de Couci". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05482. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
57. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Gautier de Dargies". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10763. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
58. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Arnaut de Mareuil". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01281. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
59. "Wolfram von Eschenbach". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2001. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30511. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
60. Klaper, Michael (2001). "Walther von der Vogelweide". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29880. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
61. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Aimeric de Peguilhan". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00349. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
62. Falck, Robert (2001). "Gautier de Coincy". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10762. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
63. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Blondel de Nesle". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03303. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
64. Falck, Robert (2001). "Peire Cardenal". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21202. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
65. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Vidal, Peire". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29306. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
66. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Raimon de Miraval". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50119. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
67. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Reinmar [Reimar] (der Alte) von Hagenau". Grove Music Online. Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23154. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
68. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Audefroi le Bastart". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01497. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
69. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Bernger von Horheim". Grove Music Online. Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23155. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
70. Aubrey, Elizabeth (2001). "Dia, Comtessa de". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02423. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
71. Shields, Michael (2001). "Neidhart [Nîthart] 'von Reuental'". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19697. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
72. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Le Vinier, Guillaume". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11985. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
73. Roesner, Edward H. (2001). "Pérotin". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40465. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
74. Falck, Robert (2001). "Muset, Colin". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19397. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
75. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Erart [Erars], Jehan". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08905. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
76. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Reinmar von Zweter". Grove Music Online. Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23155. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
77. Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c. 1300. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 482. ISBN 978-0-521-78156-5.
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79. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Bretel, Jehan". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03952. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
80. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Raoul de Soissons". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22896. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
81. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Moniot d'Arras". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18957. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
82. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Guiot de Dijon". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12002. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
83. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Gontier de Soignies". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11444. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
84. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Heinrich von Morungen". Grove Music Online. Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12700. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
85. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Gautier d'Espinal". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10765. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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87. Falck, Robert (2001). "Riquier, Guiraut". Grove Music Online. Revised by John Haines. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23510. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
88. Ferreira, Manuel Pedro (2001). "Codax [Codaz], Martin". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06034. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
89. Falck, Robert (2001). "Adam de la Halle". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00163. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
90. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Alexander, Meister". Grove Music Online. Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21491. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
91. Hughes, Andrew (2001). "Franco of Cologne". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10138. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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96. Arlt, Wulf (2001). "Jehannot de l'Escurel". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14242. Retrieved 10 October 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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103. Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Borlet". Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03608. Retrieved 14 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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