List of largest European cities in history

Over the centuries, cities in Europe have changed a great deal, rising and falling in size and influence. These tables give an idea of estimated population at various dates from the earliest times to the most recent:

Timeline: Neolithic–Bronze Age–Iron Age–ancient Greece–Roman Republic (7000–1 B.C.)
City 7000 6500 – 6000 5000 4000 3800 3000 – 2500 2000 1600 1300 1000 700 600 500 – 400 300 200 100 – 1
Athens 10,000 – 15,000 2,500 – 5,000 5,000 – 10,000 70,000 – 100,000 – 130,000 150,000 – 350,000 – 610,000 120,000 – 200,000 – 300,000 – 431,000 100,000 – 200,000 [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
Argos 600 – 1,200 5,000 – 10,000 30,000 – 60,000 [3][14][22][23][24][25]
Aegina 20,000 – 40,000 [26]
Akrotiri (prehistoric city) 8,000 – 15,000 – 30,000 [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]
Agrigento 200,000 – 800,000 [36][37][38][39][40]
Avaricum 40,000[41]
Bibracte 30,000[42]
Cerveteri 25,000 – 40,000 [43][44][45][46][47]
Capua 100,000 300,000 100,000 [48][49][50][51][52][53]
Choirokoitia 300 – 600 2,000 [54][55][56][57][58][59][60]
Corinth 5,000[61] 50,000 – 90,000 – 100,000 [62][63][64]
Crotone 50,000 – 80,000 [65]
Dobrovody 10,000 – 16,000 [66][67]
Dimini 300 [68]
Durrington Walls 4,000 [69][70][71]
Fedorovka 6,000 [67]
Gournia 4,000 [72][73]
Heuneburg 10,000 [74][75][76][77]
Ischia 5,000 – 10,000 [78][79][80]
Knossos 100 1,000 1,300 – 2,000 18,000 20,000 – 40,000 – 100,000 30,000 5,000 – 10,000 [3][14][27][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90]
Lepenski Vir 150 – 1,000 [91][92][93][94][95][96]
Mycenae 20,000[97] 30,000 – 35,000 [87][98]
Manika (Greece) 6000 – 15,000 [90][99][100][101][102][103][104]
Malia 700 – 1,000 5,000 – 10,000 – 12.500 [27][88][90]
Maydanets 10,000 – 29,000 – 46,000 [66][105][106]
Nea Nikomedeia 500 – 700 [107]
Okoliste 1000 – 3000 [105]
Palaikastro 18,000 [27][88]
Populonia 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][108][109]
Tarquinia 20,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][108][109]
Vinča-Belo Brdo 2000 – 2500 [110][111]
Veii 25,000 – 40,000 – 100,000 [45][46][108][109][112][113][114]
Volsinii 13,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][108][109]
Vulci 15,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][108][109]
Sesklo 300 1000 – 5000 [115][116][117][118][119]
Sparta 40,000 – 50,000 [2][120]
Syracuse, Sicily 200,000 – 800,000 – 1,200,000 200,000 – 400,000 [40][121][122][123][124][125][126][127]
Sybaris 100,000 – 300,000 [128][65][129][130][131][132]
Solnitsata 350 [133][134]
Tiryns 1,200 – 1,800 10,000 15,000 [90][135][136][62]
Nebelivka 17,000 [67]
Taranto 100,000 – 300,000 [53][137][138]
Talianki 15,000 – 30,000 [67][139][140][141]
Thebes, Greece 4,000 – 6,000 8,000 30,000 – 60,000 [90][142]

[143][144][145][146]

Los Millares 1,000 – 2,300 [147][148][149]
Pavlopetri 500 2,000 [150][151]
Rome 3,145 – 7,400 24,240 – 60,600 80,000 130,000 250,000 – 300,000 350,000 500,000 – 1,000,000 [53][152][153][154][155]

[156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163]

Rhodes 100,000 – 200,000 100,000 [20][21][164]

Timeline: Roman Empire–Modern Age (1–1800 A.D.)
City 1 – 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
Athens 30,000 110,000 25,000 35,000 – 50,000 40,000 [165][166]
Aquileia 100,000 100,000 [167][168]
Augsburg 25,000 – 50,000 25,000 – 50,000 12,000 50,000 30,000 – 50,000 45,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 26,000 28,000 – 32,000 [169][170][171][172][173][174][175]
Amalfi 80,000 [176]
Antwerp 5,000 20,000 100,000 – 200,000 46,000 – 90,000 75,000 [177][178][179][180][181]
Arles 75,000 – 100,000 [182][183][184]
Autun 40,000 – 100,000 [185][186][187]
Amsterdam 30,000 65,000 – 100,000 – 175,000 175,000 – 200,000 – 210,000 195,000 – 201,000 [180][188][189][190]
Barcelona 50,000 60,000 – 70,000 100,000 [190][191][192][193]
Bruges 50,000 125,000 – 200,000 [194][195]
Bucharest 60,000 50,000 [196]
Brussels 30,000 100,000 100,000 70,000 [179][189][197]
Bordeaux 30,000 – 40,000 50,000 100,000 [198][199][200]
Berlin 6,000 12,000 20,000 172,000 [189][201]
Bologna 35,000 50,000 – 70,000 [202][203][204]
Bolgar 25,000 – 30,000 50,000 [196]
Carnuntum 50,000 50,000 50,000 [205][206]
Cádiz 100,000 87,000 [187][207]
Corinth 100,000 – 200,000 – 700,000 45,000 + in 856 AD.[208] [62][209][210][211][212]
Constantinople 400,000 400,00 – 800,000 100,000 – 800,000 100,000 – 800,000 100,000 – 250,000 500,000 – 1,000,000 500,000 300,000 400,000 70,000 100,000 400,000 – 660,000 700,000 300,000 – 700,000 400,000 – 570,000 [213][214][215][216][217][218][219][220][221][222]
Córdoba 45,000 350,000 60,000 [187][203][223]
Cologne 40,000 40,000 15,000 – 20,000 21,000 20,000 21,000 – 50,000 50,000 – 60,000 50,000 – 60,000 40,000 45,000 40,000 50,000 [204][224][225][226][227][228]
Danzig 30,000 60,000 – 80,000 [169][229]
Dublin 1,000 – 2,000 4,000 – 5,000 10,000 20,000 75,000 200,000 [230][231][232][233]
Edirne (Adrianople) 10,000 28,000 125,000 160,000 – 183,000 93,000 100,000 [196]
Feodosia 40,000 85,000 – 88,000 50,000 40,000 36,000 – 44,000 [196]
Florence 15,000 50,000 – 60,000 80,000 – 120,000 70,000 70,000 [234][180][204][224][235][236]
Genoa 80,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 60,000 70,000 90,000 [234][180][204][237][238][239]
Ghent 5,000 10,000 60,000 – 80,000 70,000 – 80,000 80,000 – 150,000 – 175,000 – 200,000 [178][194][240][241][242][243][244][245][191]
Granada 26,000 150,000 100,000 70,000 [246][247][198]
Hamburg 8,000 15,000 – 20,000 40,000 – 60,000 – 100,000 63,000 – 75,000 117,000 – 130,000 [169][171][175][229][189][248]
Kyiv 45,000 100,000 [249][250]
Lisbon 35,000 50,000 – 60,000 60,000 – 70,000 – 120,000 120,000 – 140,000 200,000 237,000 [207][251][252][253]
London 30,000 45,000 – 50,000 – 60,000 10,000 – 12,000 20,000 – 25,000 10,000 – 20,000 20,000 – 25,000 50,000 – 100,000 50,000 – 100,000 – 120,000 225,000 – 410,000 550,000 – 700,000 861,000 – 1,000,000 [222][254][255][256][257][258][259][260][261]
Lugdunum (Lyon) 50,000 – 100,000 – 200,000 50,000 – 100,000 – 200,000 12,000 20,000 40,000 – 70,000 40,000 – 70,000 100,000 150,000 [229][262][204][263][264][265][266][267]
Leuven 45,000 [268]
Lublin 40,000 – 70,000 [196]
Lübeck 6,000 24,000 30,000 – 37,000 32,000 24,000 [196]
Madrid 60,000 105,000 182,000 [229][189][248]
Magdeburg 30,000 40,000 – 45,000 [169][228]
Marseilles 80,000 – 100,000 80,000 83,000 – 100,000 [229][189][190][248]
Mainz 20,000 30,000 25,000 24,000 20,000 20,000 – 42,000 [269]
Messina 100,000 [188][248][270]
Milan 40,000 40,000 100,000 90,000 200,000 125,000 100,000 180,000 113,000 122,000 – 250,000 [50][234][271][187][189][238][248][272][273][274][275]
Metz 40,000 25,000 40,000 [262][266][276]
Montpellier 30,000 – 40,000 15,000 40,000 [262][277]
Moscow 20,000 – 30,000 30,000 – 40,000 100,000 200,000 200,000 270,000 [278][279]
Narbonne 30,000 – 50,000 31,000 [185][204]
Naples 30,000 50,000 30,000 30,000 50,000 – 60,000 200,000 350,000 207,000 500,000 [234][189][204][280][281][282][283][284][285][286]
Nimes 40,000 – 60,000 40,000 [262][287][288][289][290]
Nuremberg 10,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 – 52,000 40,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 27,000 [171][173][175][248][291][292][293]
Ostia Antica 20,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 50,000 – 100,000 [294][295][296][297][298][299]
Ohrid 40,000 [196]
Palermo 350,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 100,000 124,000 135,000 [188][189][300][253]
Paris 80,000 30,000 20,000 – 30,000 20,000 – 30,000 20,000 50,000 110,000 – 160,000 228,000 – 275,000 – 300,000 280,000 225,000 245,000 – 420,000 515,000 546,000 – 830,000 [204][222][301][302][303][262][304][305]
Padua 25,000 – 40,000 25,000 – 40,000 25,000 – 40,000 40,000 [202][306]
Philippi 100,000[307]
Pliska 34,000 [196]
Plovdiv 20,000 20,000 30,000 [196]
Pozzuoli 50,000 – 100,000 [50][308][172]
Pskov 35,000 52,000 – 60,000 [196]
Preslav 60,000 60,000 [309]
Prague 10,000[310] 22,000 40,000 – 77,000 95,000 – 100,000 70,000 100,000 48,000 77,000 – 100,000 [311][189][312]
Regensburg 25,000 40,000 [271][266]
Reims 30,000 – 50,000 30,000 [185][262]
Rome 1,650,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 100,000 90,000 40,000 – 50,000 50,000 30,000 20,000 50,000 – 55,000 90,000 – 110,000 120,000 – 150,000 150,000 [152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][180][213][313][314][315][316][317][318]
Ravenna 50,000 50,000 [182]
Rouen 10,000 30,000 40,000 70,000 40,000 – 70,000 40,000 – 70,000 63,000 80,000 – 90,000 [189][262][266][267][312][319][320]
Saint Petersburg 100,000+ 220,000 – 425,000 [190][321]
Salerno 50,000 50,000 30,000 4,000 [204][300]
Smolensk 20,000 – 30,000 – 40,000 25,000 50,000 64,000 40,000 [322][323]
Sarai 100,00 – 600,000 [324]
Speyer 30,000+ 30,000 20,000 [196]
Seville 90,000 150,000 25,000 100,000 – 300,000 80,000 96,000 [325][188][189][198]
Siena 50,000 – 120,000[326] 25,000 [327]
Syracuse, Sicily 80,000 [187]
Thessaloniki 200,000 50,000 40,000 150,000 150,000 100,000 – 150,000 100,000 – 150,000 [249][328][329][330][331][332]
Trakai 50,000 [196]
Trnovo 48,000 35,000 [196]
Targoviste 25,000 – 40,000 50,000 – 60,000 45,000 – 60,000 [196]
Trier 70,000 – 80,000 – 100,000 70,000 – 80,000 – 100,000 15,000 20,000 [204][266][333][334][335][182]
Toulouse 50,000 50,000 30,000 25,000 50,000 30,000 [268][262][336][337][338]
Venice 60,000 80,000 110,000 – 180,000 110,000 – 150,000 100,000 – 170,000 200,000 140,000 140,000 [234][271][236][237][339]
Verona 20,000 – 25,000 40,000 [340][341]
Veliky Novgorod 10,000 – 15,000 – 18,000 20,000 – 30,000 – 40,000 50,000 – 60,000 – 400,000 50,000 [342][343][344][345]
Vienna 15,000 – 20,000 15,000 – 20,000 12,000 20,000 24,000 45,000 30,000 – 50,000 – 60,000 100,000 – 113,000 250,000 [169][175][229][189][293][346][347][348]
Worms 28,000 – 60,000 20,000 [196]
Ypres 40,000 – 80,000 – 200,000 40,000 – 80,000 – 200,000 [204][199][349][350][351][352][353][354]

Data from Hohenberg and Lees (1985)

*Warsaw data from 1792[355]

Data from Chandler (1987)
City Country 430 B.C. 200 B.C. A.D. 100 A.D. 361 A.D. 500 A.D. 622
SevilleSpain37–40,00040,000
LondonUnited Kingdom30,000
SyracuseItaly125,000100,00051–60,00045–50,000
RomeItaly35,000150,000450,000150,000100,00050,000
MilanItaly30,00040,000
AthensGreece155,00075,00075,00050–60,000
CorinthGreece70,00070,00050,000
Byzantium/
Constantinople		Turkey36,000300,000400,000350,000
City Country 800 900 1000 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1575 1600 1650
LondonUnited Kingdom15,00025,00040,00045,00050,00060,00050,00074,000112,000187,000410,000
LisbonPortugal15,00015,00015,00035,00045,00055,00060,00055,00062,00085,000100,000170,000
CórdobaSpain160,000200,000450,00060,00060,00060,00040,00036,00030,00032,000
SevilleSpain35,00040,00090,000125,000125,000150,00075,00090,00060,00060,00060,00046,00070,000100,000126,00060,000
GranadaSpain60,00060,00060,00075,00090,00060,00090,000165,00070,00070,00060,00068,000
MadridSpain80,000125,000
ParisFrance25,00020,00030,00050,000110,000160,000228,000215,000280,000150,000185,000210,000220,000245,000455,000
AmsterdamNetherlands48,000165,000
RomeItaly50,00040,00035,00035,00035,00030,00033,00038,00058,00070,000102,000110,000
NaplesItaly30,00025,00030,00030,00035,00040,00040,00040,00075,000114,000209,000215,000224,000265,000
MilanItaly25,00020,00030,00042,00045,00060,00065,00060,00050,00080,00083,00089,00075,00098,000107,000105,000
PalermoItaly35,00075,00090,000125,000150,00075,00035,00025,00039,00060,00070,000105,000132,000
VeniceItaly35,00045,00055,00060,00070,00090,000110,00085,000110,000100,000115,000171,000157,000151,000134,000
PragueCzech Republic15,00022,00040,00050,00095,00070,00070,00070,00070,000110,000
AthensGreece25,00035,00035,00033,000
Constantinople/
Istanbul		Turkey250,000300,000300,000200,000200,000150,000100,000100,00080,00075,00045,000200,000660,000680,000700,000700,000
SaraiRussia80,000100,000120,000
MoscowRussia30,00080,00075,00060,00080,000100,000
City Country 1675 1700 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1862 1875 1900 1914 1925 1936 1950 1975
LondonUnited Kingdom485,000550,000676,000710,000861,0001,335,0002,320,0002,803,0004,241,0006,480,0007,419,0007,742,0009,710,0008,860,00010,500,000
LisbonPortugal178,000188,000213,000219,000237,000258,000262,000280,000243,000363,000455,000567,000875,0001,600,000
CórdobaSpain27,00028,00034,00052,000
SevilleSpain80,00068,00096,00083,000117,000148,000212,000383,000685,000
GranadaSpain35,00045,00053,00058,00075,000
MadridSpain115,000105,000110,000132,000182,000201,000216,000303,000373,000539,000623,000791,0001,220,0001,527,0004,150,000
ParisFrance540,000530,000556,000600,000547,000855,0001,314,0001,800,0002,250,0003,330,0004,000,0004,800,0005,950,0005,900,0009,400,000
AmsterdamNetherlands195,000210,000219,000209,000195,000196,000225,000268,000289,000510,000601,000718,000859,0001,800,000
RomeItaly105,000138,000146,000148,000142,000125,000158,000194,000251,000438,000570,000758,0001,155,0001,665,0003,600,000
NaplesItaly170,000207,000310,000355,000430,000350,000413,000447,000450,000563,000691,000852,0001,210,0001,900,000
MilanItaly114,000113,000110,000117,000122,000156,000182,000226,000267,000491,000655,000917,0001,103,0001,400,0003,800,000
PalermoItaly128,000125,000111,000127,000135,000154,000170,000175,000188,000255,000370,000470,000672,000
VeniceItaly138,000143,000158,000151,000146,00099,000141,000171,000226,000354,000
BerlinGermany26,000113,000136,000172,000222,000446,000582,0001,045,0002,707,0003,500,0004,013,0004,226,0003,707,0002,000,000
BudapestHungary--------309,208733,385880,371960,9951,060,4311,629,0002,026,543
PragueCzech Republic48,00058,00077,00098,000117,000474,000670,000745,000951,0001,275,000
AthensGreece30,000181,000571,0001,140,0003,300,000
IstanbulTurkey750,000700,000625,000600,000570,000675,000785,000820,000873,000900,0001,125,000817,0001,035,0003,200,000
EdirneTurkey100,00085,00082,00080,00088,00085,000
MoscowRussia105,000114,000146,000177,000248,000257,000373,000346,000600,0001,120,0001,805,0001,764,0004,050,0005,100,00010,700,000
Saint PetersburgRussia74,000164,000220,000438,000502,000565,000764,0001,439,0002,133,0001,430,0002,983,0002,700,0004,280,000

See also

Notes and references
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