List of gamma-ray bursts

The following is a list of significant gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) listed in chronological order. GRBs are named after the date on which they were detected: the first two numbers correspond to the year, the second two numbers to the month, and the last two numbers to the day.

List
BurstPositionRedshiftDetected byNotes
GRB 670702Vela 4First GRB detected
GRB 790305bThe first observed SGR megaflare, a specific type of short GRB.
GRB 830801Brightest GRB detected
GRB 970228z = 0.695[Ref 1]BeppoSAXFirst X-ray afterglow, first optical afterglow
GRB 970402RA 14h 50.1m
Dec −69° 20′		BeppoSAXFrom an X-ray source never seen before in the constellation Circinus.[Ref 2]
GRB 970508z = 0.835BeppoSAXFirst redshift, first radio afterglow
GRB 971214z = 3.4BATSEThe first GRB at z > 1; the most luminous of the earliest few GRBs.
GRB 980425z = 0.008[Ref 3]BATSEThe second closest GRB to date (after GRB 170817A) and the first associated with a supernova.
GRB 990123R.A. 15h 25m 29s
Decl. 44° 45′ 30″[Ref 4]		z = 1.6BeppoSAXFirst burst observed simultaneously in optical and gamma-rays. Brightest observed afterglow before the launch of Swift.
GRB 991216BATSEFirst burst detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory[1]
GRB 030329z = 0.168[Ref 5]HETE-2The closest "classical" long GRB to Earth and the most thoroughly studied afterglow to date.
GRB 050509Bz = 0.225SwiftFirst short burst with a detected afterglow and a possible host galaxy (not unique).
GRB 050709z = 0.161[Ref 6]HETE-2First short burst with a detected optical counterpart.
GRB 050724z = 0.258[Ref 7]SwiftFirst short burst with a detected radio, optical, and X-ray counterpart, as well as an unambiguous association with an elliptical galaxy.
GRB 060218z = 0.0331[Ref 8]SwiftFirst GRB with an accompanying supernova which could be tracked starting immediately after the burst.
GRB 060614R.A. 21h 23m 27.0s
Decl. −53° 02′ 02″		z = 0.125SwiftEither a long-duration burst in which the presence of a bright supernova is ruled out, or a short-duration burst with extremely long-lasting gamma-ray emission.
GRB 080319Bz = 0.937SwiftThe most (optically) luminous event of any nature observed in the universe to date. By far the brightest optical afterglow of any gamma-ray burst.
GRB 080916Cz = 4.35[Ref 9]FermiThe most energetic gamma-ray burst observed to date.
GRB 090423R.A. 09h 55m 33.08s
Decl. +18° 08′ 58.9″		z = 8.2SwiftRemains the record holder for most distant observed object in the universe with spectroscopic confirmation.[2][Ref 10]
GRB 101225AR.A. 00h 00m 47.51s
Decl. +44° 36′ 01.1″		z = 0.33Swift28 minutes duration. Also known as the "Christmas burst".
GRB 130427AR.A. 11h 32m 32.84s
Decl. +27° 41′ 56.2″		z = 0.34Swifthours duration
GRB 160625BR.A. 20h 34m 23.25s
Decl. +06° 55′ 10.5″[3]		z = 1.406[3][4]Fermi; LAT
GRB 170817AR.A. 12h 47m
Decl. −39° 48′[5]		z = 0.009727FermiNeutron star collision, producing the gravitational wave named GW170817.[5][6][7] Closest GRB known to date
GRB 190114CR.A. 03h 38m 1.63s
Decl. −26° 56′ 48.1″[8]		z=0.4245[9]Swift;[10] Fermi[11]The afterglow light emitted soon after the burst was found to be tera-electron volt radiation from inverse Compton emission, identified for the first time;[12] "light detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed: 1 Tera electron volt (TeV) -- about one trillion times as much energy per photon as visible light";[12] "the brightest light ever seen from Earth ... [the] biggest explosion in the Universe since the Big Bang";[13] "this detection is considered a milestone in high-energy astrophysics".[14]

Extremes
GRB Extremes
Title GRB Data Notes
Least distant GRB 170817A z = 0.009727 Higher redshift than GRB 980425, but closer galaxy
Most distant with photometric redshift estimate GRB 090429B z = 9.4 [15]
Most distant with spectroscopic redshift estimate GRB 090423 z = 8.2 [2]
Least Luminous
Most Luminous GRB 110918A z = 0.984 Peak Luminosity (isotropic) is Liso = 4.7 × 1047 Watts [16]
Most Energetic GRB 190114C 1Tera electron volt (TeV);
z=0.4245;[9]
magnitude=15.60est[10]		 "light detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed: 1 Tera electron volt (TeV) -- about one trillion times as much energy per photon as visible light";[12] "the brightest light ever seen from Earth ... [the] biggest explosion in the Universe since the Big Bang";[13] "this detection is considered a milestone in high-energy astrophysics".[14][17]
Longest duration GRB 111209A Duration = at least 7 hours
Shortest duration GRB 820405 Duration = 12 ms
Most distant naked-eye brightness GRB GRB 080319B Apparent magnitude: 5.3
z=0.937		 [18][19]

Firsts
GRB Firsts
Title GRB Date Data Notes
First GRB detected GRB 670702 1967 July 2 [18]
First GRB identified GRB 781104 1978 November 4 Venera-11, Venera-12, Prognoz-7, ISEE-3, Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Vela
First long duration GRB discovered
First short duration GRB discovered
First hard spectrum GRB discovered
First soft spectrum GRB discovered
First GRB whose distance was determined GRB 970508 z=0.835 [20]
First GRB discovered with a radio afterglow GRB 970508 [20]
First GRB discovered with an optical afterglow GRB 970228 February 28, 1997 02:58 UTC [20]
First GRB discovered with an X-ray afterglow GRB 780506 [21]
First GRB linked to a supernova GRB 980425 25 April 1998 21:49 UTC SN 1998bw GRB 030329 definitively linked SNe with GRBs, being associated with the hypernova SN 2003dh [20][22]
First GRB of naked-eye brightness GRB 080319B 2008 March 19 06:12 UTC Apparent magnitude: 5.7 The first GRB bright enough to be visible to amateur astronomers with low powered scopes was GRB 990123 at magnitude 9 [18][19][20]
First GRB with associated Gravitational wave detection GRB 170817A 2017 August 17 GW170817
First GRB with tera-electron volt radiation from inverse Compton emission.[12] GRB 190114C 2019 January 14 20:57:03 UT[10] z=0.4245;[9]
magnitude=15.60est[10]		 "light detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed: 1 Tera electron volt (TeV) -- about one trillion times as much energy per photon as visible light";[12] "the brightest light ever seen from Earth ... [the] biggest explosion in the Universe since the Big Bang";[13] "this detection is considered a milestone in high-energy astrophysics".[14]

Most distant GRB
GRBs z>6
GRB Distance Notes
GRB 090429B z=9.4 [15] (photometric redshift)
GRB 090423 z=8.2 [23]
GRB 080913 z=6.7 [23]
GRB 060116 z=6.60 The high foreground extinction for this event makes this photometric redshift estimate very uncertain.[24]
GRB 140515A z=6.33 [25]
GRB 050904 z=6.295 [26]

GRBs z>6 are used to explore the reionization era

Most Distant GRB Titleholders
GRB Date Distance Notes
GRB 090429B May 2011 — z=9.4 The GRB was observed in 2009, however its distance was not announced until 2011.[15]
GRB 090423 April 2009 — May 2011 z=8.2 This was the first GRB to become the most distant object in the universe.[23]
GRB 080913 September 2008 — April 2009 z=6.7 [23][27]
GRB 050904 September 2005 — September 2008 z=6.29 [26][27][28]
GRB 000131 January 2000 — September 2005 z=4.50 [28][29][30]
GRB 971214 December 1997 — January 2000 z=3.42 [20][29][30]
GRB 970508 May 1997 — December 1997 z=0.835 First GRB with its distance determined [20]

Notes

    Footnotes
    1. Bloom 2001
    2. Antonelli
    3. Tinney 1998
    4. Odewahn 1999
    5. Caldwell 2003
    6. Price 2005
    7. Berger 2005
    8. Mirabal 2006
    9. Greiner 2009
    10. Reddy 2009

    References
    • Antonelli LA, Fiore F. "BeppoSAX follow-up observations of the region of the Gamma-ray burst GRB 970402".
    • Caldwell N; et al. (2003). "GRB 030329, optical spectroscopy". GCN Circulars. 2053: 1.
    • Mirabal N, Halpern JP (2006). "GRB 060218: MDM Redshift". GCN Circulars. 4792: 1. Bibcode:2006GCN..4792....1M.
    • Odewahn SC; et al. (1999). "GRB 990123". GCN Circulars. 7094: 1. Bibcode:1999IAUC.7094....1O.
    • Bloom JS; et al. (2001). "The Redshift and the Ordinary Host Galaxy of GRB 970228". Astrophysical Journal. 554 (2): 678–683. arXiv:astro-ph/0007244. Bibcode:2001ApJ...554..678B. doi:10.1086/321398. S2CID 16648604.
    • Greiner J; et al. (2009). "The redshift and afterglow of the extremely energetic gamma-ray burst GRB 080916C". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 498 (1): 89–94. arXiv:0902.0761. Bibcode:2009A&A...498...89G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811571. S2CID 6758498.
    • Reddy F (28 April 2009). "New Gamma-Ray Burst Smashes Cosmic Distance Record". NASA. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
    • Schilling G (2002). Flash! The hunt for the biggest explosions in the universe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80053-6.
    • Tinney C; et al. (1998). "IAU Circular 6896: IAUC 6896: GRB 980425; V4334 Sgr". IAU: Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
    • Price PA; et al. (2005). "GRB 050709: Spectroscopy". GCN Circulars. 3605: 1. Bibcode:2005GCN..3605....1P.
    • Berger E; et al. (2005). "The afterglow and elliptical host galaxy of the short γ-ray burst GRB 050724". Nature. 438 (7070): 988–90. arXiv:astro-ph/0508115. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..988B. doi:10.1038/nature04238. PMID 16355217. S2CID 4414546.

    Citations
    1. "The Universe Lights Up on Beethoven's Birthday". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 30 December 1999. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
    2. Tanvir, N. R.; Fox, D. B.; Levan, A. J.; Berger, E.; Wiersema, K.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Cucchiara, A.; Kruehler, T.; Gehrels, N.; Bloom, J. S.; Greiner, J.; Evans, P.; Rol, E.; Olivares, F.; Hjorth, J.; Jakobsson, P.; Farihi, J.; Willingale, R.; Starling, R. L. C.; Cenko, S. B.; Perley, D.; Maund, J. R.; Duke, J.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Adamson, A. J.; Allan, A.; Bremer, M. N.; Burrows, D. N.; Castro Tirado, A. J.; et al. (1 October 2009). "A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z~8.2". Nature. 461 (7268): 1254–1257. arXiv:0906.1577. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1254T. doi:10.1038/nature08459. PMID 19865165. S2CID 205218350.
    3. Racusin, Judith; et al. (26 June 2016). "GCN Circular: GRB 160625B: Fermi-LAT detection of a bright burst (and related)". NASA. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
    4. Greiner, Jochen (12 July 2017). "Gamma-ray Burst 160625B". Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
    5. Kienlin, Andreas von (17 August 2017). "GCN Circular; Number: 21520; GRB 170817A: Fermi GBM detection; 2017/08/17 20:00:07 GMT". Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
    6. Casttelvecchi, Davide (25 August 2017). "Rumours swell over new kind of gravitational-wave sighting". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22482. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
    7. Drake, Nadia (25 August 2017). "Strange Stars Caught Wrinkling Spacetime? Get the Facts". National Geographic. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
    8. Staff (2019). "SIMBAD - GRB 190114C". SIMBAD. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
    9. Staff (2019). "GRB 190114C". University of Chicago. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
    10. Palmer, David (14 January 2019). "GRB 190114C: Swift detection of a very bright burst with a bright optical counterpart". Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
    11. Zhang, Ben (20 November 2019). "Extreme emission seen from γ-ray bursts - Cosmic explosions called γ-ray bursts are the most energetic bursting events in the Universe. Observations of extremely high-energy emission from two γ-ray bursts provide a new way to study these gigantic explosions". Nature. 575 (7783): 448–449. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03503-6. PMID 31748718.
    12. University of Johannesburg (22 November 2019). "Caught in afterglow: 1st detection of Inverse Compton emission from dying gamma-ray burst". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
    13. Wood, Tom (22 November 2019). "Scientists Detect Biggest Explosion In The Universe Since The Big Bang". LADbible. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
    14. ESA/Hubble Information Centre (20 November 2019). "Hubble studies gamma-ray burst with the highest energy ever seen". EurekAlert! (Press release). Retrieved 20 November 2019.
    15. Space Daily, Explosion Helps Researcher Spot Universe's Most Distant Object, 27 May 2011
    16. IOP, "The ultraluminous GRB 110918A", http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/151/meta
    17. Veres, P; et al. (20 November 2019). "Observation of inverse Compton emission from a long γ-ray burst". Nature. 575 (7783): 459–463. arXiv:2006.07251. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..459M. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1754-6. PMID 31748725. S2CID 208191199.
    18. "The Incredible Gamma Ray Burst of 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2009-11-17. (922 KB), T. Dockweiler, Science Newsletter - June 2008 . Retrieved 2009 11 11.
    19. Bloom, J. S. (2009). "Observations of the Naked-Eye GRB 080319B: Implications of Nature's Brightest Explosion". The Astrophysical Journal. 691 (1): 723–737. arXiv:0803.3215. Bibcode:2009ApJ...691..723B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/1/723.
    20. The ING Newsletter, "Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: Surprises from the Sky", P. Vreeswijk, N. Tanvir, T. Galama, No.2 - March 2000 (accessed 2009/11/11)
    21. Connors, A. (1998). "The X‐Ray Characteristics of a Classical Gamma‐Ray Burst and Its Afterglow". The Astrophysical Journal. 501 (1): 307–324. arXiv:astro-ph/9802055. Bibcode:1998ApJ...501..307C. doi:10.1086/305815. S2CID 7865166.
    22. SpaceDaily, "Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae Conclusively Linked", Jun 22, 2003 . Retrieved 2009 11 November.
    23. New Scientist, "Most distant object in the universe spotted", Rachel Courtland, 22:32 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009-11-11.
    25. Tanvir, N. R.; Fox, D. B.; Levan, A. J.; Berger, E.; Wiersema, K.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Cucchiara, A.; Kruehler, T.; Gehrels, N.; Bloom, J. S.; Greiner, J.; Evans, P.; Rol, E.; Olivares, F.; Hjorth, J.; Jakobsson, P.; Farihi, J.; Willingale, R.; Starling, R. L. C.; Cenko, S. B.; Perley, D.; Maund, J. R.; Duke, J.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Adamson, A. J.; Allan, A.; Bremer, M. N.; Burrows, D. N.; Castro Tirado, A. J.; et al. (2014). "GRB 140515A at z=6.33: Constraints on the End of Reionization from a Gamma-ray Burst in a Low Hydrogen Column Density Environment". arXiv:1405.7400 [astro-ph.CO].
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    27. New Scientist, "Cosmic explosion is most distant ever seen", Maggie McKee, 01:22 20 September 2008 (accessed 11/11/2009)
    28. Haislip, JB; Nysewander, MC; Reichart, DE; et al. (March 2006). "A photometric redshift of z = 6.39 +/- 0.12 for GRB 050904". Nature. 440 (7081): 181–3. arXiv:astro-ph/0509660. Bibcode:2006Natur.440..181H. doi:10.1038/nature04552. PMID 16525465.
    29. ESA, "Yet another record: Ulysses detects most distant gamma-ray burst", 19 Oct 2000 . Retrieved 11 November 2009.
    30. Andersen, Michael I. (2001). "Hunting Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Lyman-Forest; GRB 000131 at z = 4.50 Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla and Paranal, Chile (ESO Programmes 64.H-0573, 64.H-0580, 64.O-0187, and 64.H-0313)". Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era. ESO Astrophysics Symposia. pp. 133–135. Bibcode:2001grba.conf..133A. doi:10.1007/10853853_34. ISBN 978-3-540-42771-1.

    See also
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