List of early modern universities in Europe
The list of early modern universities in Europe comprises all universities that existed in the early modern age (1501–1800) in Europe. It also includes short-lived foundations and educational institutions whose university status is a matter of debate. The operation of the degree-awarding university with its corporate organization and relative autonomy, which had emerged in the Christian medieval world,[1] was continued into the new era. The number of universities which had been in existence at one time during the period rose from around eighty medieval universities to nearly two hundred.[2] While the universitas arrived in Eastern Europe as far as Moscow, many were established further west either by the new Protestant powers or the Catholic Counter-Reformation spearheaded by the Jesuits. At the same time, the Spanish founded colonial universities and the British colonial colleges in the New World, thus heralding the spread of the university as the center of higher learning around the globe (see List of oldest universities).[3]
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Definition
A short definition of the university and its defining characteristics as they evolved in the medieval and early modern era is offered by the multi-volume History of the University in Europe of the European University Association:
The university is a European institution; indeed, it is the European institution par excellence. There are various reasons for this assertion. As a community of teachers and taught, accorded certain rights, such as administrative autonomy and the determination and realization of curricula (courses of study) and of the objectives of research as well as the award of publicly recognized degrees, it is a creation of medieval Europe, which was the Europe of papal Christianity...
No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the bachelor's degree, the licentiate, the master's degree, and the doctorate – have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world. The four medieval faculties of artes – variously called philosophy, letters, arts, arts and sciences, and humanities –, law, medicine, and theology have survived and have been supplemented by numerous disciplines, particularly the social sciences and technological studies, but they remain none the less at the heart of universities throughout the world.
Even the name of the universitas, which in the Middle Ages was applied to corporate bodies of the most diverse sorts and was accordingly applied to the corporate organization of teachers and students, has in the course of centuries been given a more particular focus: the university, as a universitas litterarum, has since the 18th century been the intellectual institution which cultivates and transmits the entire corpus of methodically studied intellectual disciplines.[1]
List of universities existing in the early modern age, but created before
The list is sorted by the date of recognition. At places where more than one university was established, the name of the institution is given in brackets.
12th century
| Recognized | University | Modern country |
|---|---|---|
| 1175 | Modena | Italy |
13th century
| Recognized | University | Modern country |
|---|---|---|
| Beginning of 13th c.[2] | Paris | France |
| Beginning of 13th c.[2] | Oxford | England |
| Beginning of 13th c.[2] | Montpellier | France |
| 1209–25[2] | Cambridge | England |
| 1215[2] | Arezzo | Italy |
| Before 1218/9[2] | Salamanca | Spain |
| 1222[2] | Padua | Italy |
| 1224[2] | Naples | Italy |
| 1229[2] | Toulouse | France |
| 1231[2] | Salerno | Italy |
| c.1235[2] | Orléans | France |
| 1241 | Valladolid | Spain |
| 1246[2] | Siena | Italy |
| c.1250[2] | Angers | France |
| 1261 | Northampton | England |
| 1272[2] | Murcia | Spain |
| 1290 | Macerata | Italy |
| 1290[2] | Lisbon | Portugal |
| 1300[2] | Lleida | Spain |
14th century
| Recognized | University | Modern country |
|---|---|---|
| 1303[2] | Avignon | France |
| 1303[2] | Rome (Sapienza) | Italy |
| 1308[2] | Coimbra | Portugal |
| 1308[2] | Perugia | Italy |
| 1311[5] | Dublin | Ireland |
| 1332[2] | Cahors (in French) | France |
| 1336 | Camerino | Italy |
| 1339[2] | Grenoble | France |
| 1343[2] | Pisa | Italy |
| 1347[2] | Prague (Charles University, in German and Czech) | Czech Republic |
| 1349[2] | Firenze | Italy |
| 1350[2] | Perpignan | France |
| 1354[2] | Huesca (in Spanish) | Spain |
| 1361[2] | Pavia | Italy |
| 1364[2] | Cracow | Poland |
| 1365[2] | Orange | France |
| 1365[2] | Vienna | Austria |
| 1367[6] | Pécs | Hungary |
| 1369[2] | Lucca (in Italian) | Italy |
| 1386[2] | Heidelberg | Germany |
| 1388[2] | Cologne | Germany |
| 1389[2] | Erfurt | Germany |
| 1391[2] | Ferrara | Italy |
| 1395[2] | Budapest | Hungary |
| 1396[2] | Zadar | Croatia |
15th century
| Recognized | University | Modern country |
|---|---|---|
| 1402[2] | Würzburg | Germany |
| 1404[2] | Turin | Italy |
| 1409[2] | Leipzig | Germany |
| 1409[2] | Aix-en-Provence | France |
| 1411[2] | St Andrews | Scotland |
| 1412[2] | Parma | Italy |
| 1419[2] | Rostock | Germany |
| 1422[2] | Dole | France |
| 1425[2] | Leuven | Belgium |
| 1431[2] | Poitiers | France |
| 1432[2] | Caen | France |
| 1434[2] | Catania | Italy |
| 1441[2] | Bordeaux | France |
| 1450[2] | Barcelona | Spain |
| 1451[2] | Glasgow | Scotland |
| 1452[2] | Valence | France |
| 1453[2] | Istanbul | Turkey |
| 1454[2] | Trier | Germany |
| 1456[2] | Greifswald | Germany |
| 1457[2] | Freiburg | Germany |
| 1459[2] | Basel | Switzerland |
| 1459[2] | Ingolstadt | Germany |
| 1460[2] | Nantes | France |
| 1464[2] | Bourges | France |
| 1465[2] | Bratislava | Slovakia |
| 1470[2] | Venice[note 2] | Italy |
| 1471[2] | Genoa | Italy |
| 1474[2] | Zaragoza | Spain |
| 1476[2] | Mainz | Germany |
| 1476[2] | Tübingen | Germany |
| 1477[2] | Uppsala | Sweden |
| 1479[2] | Copenhagen | Denmark |
| 1483[2] | Palma, Majorca | Spain |
| 1489[2] | Sigüenza | Spain |
| 1495[2] | Old Aberdeen | Scotland |
| 1498[2] | Frankfurt on the Oder | Germany |
| 1499[2] | Alcalá de Henares | Spain |
| 1500[2] | Valencia | Spain |
List of universities created in the early modern age
16th century
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| Recognized | University | Modern country |
|---|---|---|
| 1502[2] | Wittenberg | Germany |
| 1505[2] | Seville (Santa María de Jesús) | Spain |
| 1506 | Frankfurt (Oder) | Germany |
| 1516[2] | Seville (Santo Tomás) | Spain |
| 1521[2] | Toledo | Spain |
| 1526[2] | Santiago de Compostela | Spain |
| 1527[2] | Marburg | Germany |
| 1531[2][7] | Granada | Spain |
| 1534[2] | Sahagún | Spain |
| 1537 | Lausanne | Switzerland |
| 1539[2][7] | Nîmes | France |
| 1540[2] | Macerata | Italy |
| 1540[2] | Oñate (in Spanish) | Spain |
| 1542[2] | Baeza | Spain |
| 1544[2] | Königsberg | Russia |
| 1547[2] | Gandía | Spain |
| 1548[2] | Reims | France |
| 1548[2] | Messina | Italy |
| 1548[2] | Tournon | France |
| 1548/9[2] | Osuna | Spain |
| c.1550[2] | Irache | Spain |
| 1550[2] | Almagro (in Spanish) | Spain |
| 1551[2] | Tortosa | Spain |
| 1552[2] | Orihuela (in Spanish) | Spain |
| 1553[2] | Dillingen | Germany |
| 1555[2] | Burgo de Osma | Spain |
| 1556[2] | Milan | Italy |
| 1556[2] | Prague (Collegium Clementinum) | Czech Republic |
| 1556[2] | Rome (Gregorianum) | Italy |
| 1557/8[2] | Jena | Germany |
| 1558/9[2] | Évora | Portugal |
| 1559[2] | Geneva | Switzerland |
| 1559[2] | Nice | France |
| 1559/60[2] | Douai | France |
| 1560[2] | Mondovì | Italy |
| 1562[2] | Ancona | Italy |
| 1565[2] | Estella | Spain |
| 1568[2] | Braunsberg | Poland |
| 1570[2] | Olomouc | Czech Republic |
| 1572[2] | Pont-à-Mousson | France |
| 1574[2] | Oviedo | Spain |
| 1574[2] | Tarragona | Spain |
| 1575[2] | Leiden | Netherlands |
| 1575/6[2] | Helmstedt | Germany |
| 1576[2] | Ávila | Spain |
| 1577[8] | Rome, Collegium Divi Thomae, (Angelicum) | Italy |
| 1578[2] | Palermo | Italy |
| 1578[2] | Vilnius | Lithuania |
| 1581[9][10] | Cluj-Napoca, Babeș-Bolyai University | Romania |
| 1582/3[2] | Edinburgh | United Kingdom |
| 1583[2] | Orthez | France |
| 1585[2] | Fermo | Italy |
| 1585[2] | Franeker | Netherlands |
| 1585/6[2] | Graz | Austria |
| 1587[2] | El Escorial | Spain |
| 1587[2] | Girona | Spain |
| 1592[11] | Malta | Malta |
| 1592[2] | Dublin (Trinity College) | Ireland |
| 1593[2] | New Aberdeen | Scotland |
| 1594[2] | Zamość | Poland |
| 1596/1604[2] | Saumur | France |
| 1598[2] | Montauban (in French) | France |
| 1599[2] | Vic | Spain |
| 1599/1602[2] | Sedan | France |
17th century
| Recognized | University | Modern country |
|---|---|---|
| 1601/4[2] | Die | France |
| 1603[2] | Aix-en-Provence (Collège royal Bourbon) | France |
| 1607[2] | Giessen | Germany |
| 1612/4[2] | Groningen | Netherlands |
| 1614[2] | Solsona | Spain |
| 1614/6[2] | Paderborn | Germany |
| 1617[2] | Sassari | Italy |
| 1617/8[2] | Molsheim | France |
| 1619[2] | Pamplona | Spain |
| 1620[2] | Rinteln | Germany |
| 1620/5[2] | Salzburg | Austria |
| 1620[2][12] | Cagliari | Italy |
| 1621[2] | Strassburg | France |
| 1622/3[2] | Altdorf | Germany |
| 1625[2] | Mantua | Italy |
| 1629/32[2] | Osnabrück | Germany |
| 1632[2] | Tartu (Dorpat) | Estonia |
| 1633[2] | Kassel | Germany |
| 1635[2] | Trnava | Slovakia |
| 1636[2] | Utrecht | Netherlands |
| 1640[2] | Turku | Finland |
| 1647/8[2] | Harderwijk | Netherlands |
| 1648[2] | Bamberg | Germany |
| 1652[2] | Kiel | Germany |
| 1654[2] | Duisburg | Germany |
| 1655[2] | Nijmegen | Netherlands |
| 1657[2] | Košice | Slovakia |
| 1661[2] | Lemberg | Ukraine |
| 1665[2] | Prešov | Slovakia |
| 1666/8[2] | Lund | Sweden |
| 1668[2] | Innsbruck | Austria |
| 1669[13] | Zagreb | Croatia |
| 1671[2] | Urbino | Italy |
| 1671[2] | Montbéliard | France |
| 1674[2] | Linz | Austria |
| 1685[2] | Strassburg | France |
| 1691[2] | Besançon | France |
| 1693/4[2] | Halle | Germany |
18th century
| Recognized | University | Modern country |
|---|---|---|
| 1701[2] | La Laguna | Spain |
| 1702[2] | Breslau | Poland |
| 1710[2] | Charité (University of Medicine) | Germany |
| 1714/7[2] | Cervera | Spain |
| 1722[2] | Dijon | France |
| 1722[2] | Pau | France |
| 1724[2] | St Petersburg | Russia |
| 1727[2] | Camerino | Italy |
| 1732/4[2] | Fulda | Germany |
| 1733/7[2] | Göttingen | Germany |
| 1735[2] | Rennes | France |
| 1742/3[2] | Erlangen | Germany |
| 1745[2] | Braunschweig (Technical University) | Germany |
| 1748[2] | Altamura | Italy |
| 1755[2] | Moscow | Russia |
| 1760[2] | Bützow (in German) | Germany |
| 1765[2] | Corte | France |
| 1765[2] | Freiberg (Technical University) | Germany |
| 1768[2] | Nancy | France |
| 1769[14] | Malta | Malta |
| 1770[2] | Berlin (Technical University) | Germany |
| 1771[2][15] | Münster | Germany |
| 1772/3[2] | Modena | Italy |
| 1773[2] | Istanbul Technical University | Turkey |
| 1775[2] | Clausthal (Technical University) | Germany |
| 1777[2] | Bonn | Germany |
| 1781[2] | Stuttgart | Germany |
| 1782 | Budapest University of Technology and Economics | Hungary |
Notes
- Imperial charter (Constitutio habita) from Frederick I Barbarossa issued in 1158.[4]
- University status open to dispute.
References
Citations
- Rüegg 1992, pp. XIX–XX
- Frijhoff 1996, pp. 80–89
- Roberts, Rodriguez & Herbst 1996, pp. 256–284
- Our History
- London: Newman, Cardinal Henry; The Rise and Progress of Universities, Chapter 17 (The Ancient University of Dublin), 207-212
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem: University of Pécs, 1367. Eds.: Harka, Glass. Pécs: UP, (2007); Fényes, Miklós: Középkori egyetemek Magyarországon, A Pécsi Egyetem története, in: Bibliographie internationale l'histoire des Universités II, Genève, Librairie Droz, (1976).
- Jílek 1984, pp. 75–322
- Carlo Longo O.P., La formazione integrale domenicana al servizio della Chiesa e della società, Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 1996, "J. Solano O.P. (1505 ca.-1580) e la fondazione del "collegium S, Thomae de Urbe (1577)" https://books.google.com/books?id=gMW2uqe2MCwC&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 2-15-2013
- Makk F., Marjanucz, L. (2011). A Szegedi Tudományegyetem és elődei története (1581-2011). University of Szeged. ISBN 9789633060940.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- abeș-Bolyai University. "Babeș-Bolyai University - short history".
- University of Malta: History Archived 2011-06-30 at the Wayback Machine
- University of Cagliari: History
- University of Zagreb. "History of the University of Zagreb".
- Mifsud Bonnici, Carmelo (August 1936). "Fr. Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca" (PDF). Malta Letteraria. 11 (8): 227.
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Geschichte der Universität Münster (in German)
Sources
- Frijhoff, Willem: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. II: Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800), Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-521-36106-0, pp. 43–113 (80–89)
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem: University of Pécs, 1367, Eds.: Harka, Glass. Pécs: UP, (2007).
- Fényes, Miklós: Középkori egyetemek Magyarországon, A Pécsi Egyetem története, in: Bibliographie internationale l'histoire des Universités, II, Genève, Librairie Droz, (1976).
- Jílek, Jubor (ed.): "Historical Compendium of European Universities/Répertoire Historique des Universités Européennes", Standing Conference of Rectors, Presidents and Vice-Chancellors of the European Universities (CRE), Geneva 1984.
- Roberts, John; Rodriguez Cruz, Agueda M.; Herbst, Jürgen: "Exporting Models", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. II: Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800), Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-521-36106-0, pp. 256–284.
- Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX.
Further reading
- Rüegg, Walter (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. III: Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945), Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-36107-1
- Rüegg, Walter (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. IV: Universities Since 1945, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-36108-8