List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names

The following is a partial list of adjectival forms of place names in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these places.

Note: Demonyms are given in plural forms. Singular forms simply remove the final 's' or, in the case of -ese endings, are the same as the plural forms. The ending -men has feminine equivalent -women (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by replacing the "-o" with "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as" respectively.

Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' sound (e.g., the adjective Czech does not qualify).

Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name. (Reference: Ethnologue, Languages of the World)

Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. (Sometimes, the use of one or more additional words is optional.) Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds. (See List of words derived from toponyms.)

Planets

Continents

Entries in italics are continental regions.

NameAdjectiveDemonym
Afro-EurasiaAfro-EurasianAfro-Eurasians
AfricaAfricanAfricans
EurasiaEurasianEurasians
AsiaAsianAsians
Middle EastMiddle EasternMiddle Easterners
EuropeEuropeanEuropeans
AmericasAmericanaAmericansa
North AmericaNorth AmericanNorth Americans
CaribbeanCaribbean
West IndiesWest IndianWest Indians
Central AmericaCentral AmericanCentral Americans
Northern AmericaNorthern AmericanNorthern Americans
South AmericaSouth AmericanSouth Americans
AntarcticaAntarcticAntarcticans
OceaniaOceanianOceanians
AustralasiaAustralasianAustralasians
AustraliabAustralianbAustraliansb
ZealandiaZealandianZealandians
Pacific IslandsPacific IslandsPacific Islanders

aUsually used to identify specifically the United States of America or its people.
bUsually used to identify specifically the Commonwealth of Australia or its people.

Countries and nations

States, provinces, regions and territories

Australian states and territories

State/territory Adjective Demonym
  colloquial
Australian Capital Territory Canberran Canberrans "Inlanders", "Round Abouters", "Canberries", "Pollies"
New South Wales New South Welsh New South Welshmen "Waratahs", "Cockroaches", "Blues"
Northern Territory Northern Territory Northern Territorians, Territorians "Top Enders", "Ex-pats"
Queensland Queensland Queenslanders "Banana Benders", "Cane Toads", "Maroons"
South Australia South Australian South Australians "Crow Eaters"
Tasmania Tasmanian Tasmanians "Apple Eaters", "Taswegians", "Tazzies"
Victoria Victorian Victorians "Vics", "Mexicans"
Western Australia Western Australian Western Australians "Sandgropers", "Westralians"

Brazilian states

State Adjective/Demonym
Acre (AC) Acrean
Alagoas (AL) Alagoan
Amapá (AP) Amapaense
Amazonas (AM) Amazonense
Bahia (BA) Bahian
Ceará (CE) Cearense
Espírito Santo (ES) Capixaba or Espiritossantense
Federal District (DF) Brasiliense
Goiás (GO) Goian
Maranhão (MA) Maranhense
Mato Grosso (MG) Matogrossense
Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Sul-matogrossense
Minas Gerais (MG) Mineiran
Pará (PA) Paraense
Paraíba (PB) Paraiban
Paraná (PR) Paranaense
Pernambuco (PE) Pernambucan
Piauí (PI) Piauiense
Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Fluminense
Rio Grande do Norte (RN) Potiguar or Norte-riograndense
Rio Grande do Sul (RS) Gaúcho or Sul-riograndense
Rondônia (RO) Rondonian or Rondoniense
Roraima (RR) Roraimense
Santa Catarina (SC) Catarinense
São Paulo (SP) Paulista
Sergipe (SE) Sergipan
Tocantins (TO) Tocantinense

Canadian provinces and territories

Province Or TerritoryAdjectiveDemonym
colloquial
Alberta (Province)Albertan.

Albertans

”’Bertans”
British Columbia (Province)British Columbian  ("B.C.")British Columbians"B.C.ers"
Manitoba (Province)ManitobanManitobans
French: Manitobains
"Tobans"
New Brunswick (Province)New BrunswickNew Brunswickers
French: Néo-Brunswickois
Newfoundland and Labrador (Province)Newfoundland and LabradorNewfoundlanders, Labradorians"Newfies"
Northwest Territories (Territory)Northwest Territorian   ("N.W.T.")Northwest Territorians"N.W.T.ers"
Nunavut (Territory)NunavutNunavummiut (sing. Nunavummiuq)
Nova Scotia (Province)Nova ScotianNova Scotians
French: Néo-Écossais
"Bluenosers"
Ontario (Province)OntarioOntarians
French: Ontarien
Prince Edward Island (Province)Prince Edward Island, P.E.I., IslandPrince Edward Islanders
French: Prince-Édouardiens
Quebec (Province)Quebec
French: Québécois (masc.), Québécoise (fem.)
Quebeckers, Quebecers
French: Québécois
French: "Habitants"
Saskatchewan (Province)SaskatchewanSaskatchewanians"Flat-Landers"
Yukon (Territory)YukonYukoners"Sourdoughs"

Federated states and other territories of Germany

State/territory Adjective Demonym
  colloquial
Baden-Württemberg (federated state)  
Bavaria (federated state)
Berlin (federated state) Berliners
Brandenburg (federated state) Brandenburgish Brandenburgers
Franconia Franconian Franconians
Free Hanseatic City of Bremen Bremeen Bremen / Brewomen
Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg Hamburgish Hamburgians
Hannover (ancient German state) Hanoverian Hanoverians
Hesse (federated state) Hessian Hessians
Lower Saxony (federated state) Lower Saxon Lower Saxons
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (federated state)
North Rhine-Westphalia (federated state) North Rhine - Westphalian North Rhine - Westphalians
Pomerania (ancient German territory) Pomeranian Pomeranians
Prussia (ancient German state) Prussian Prussians
Rhineland (area) Rhenish Rhinelanders
Rhineland-Palatinate (federated state)
Saarland (federated state) Saarlanders
Saxony (federated state) Saxon Saxons
Saxony-Anhalt (federated state)
Silesia (ancient German territory) Silesian Silesians
Schleswig-Holstein (federated state)
Swabia (South German area and ancient territory) Swabian Swabians
Thuringia (federated state) Thuringian Thuringians

Indian states and territories

State or territoryAdjectiveDemonym
colloquial
Andaman and Nicobar IslandsAndamanese[1]
Nicobarese[1]
Andamanese
Nicobarese
Andhra PradeshAndhraiteAndhraitesTeluguvaaru
Arunachal PradeshArunachaliArunachalis
AssamAssamese[1]Assamese
BiharBihari[1]Biharis
ChandigarhChandigarhiChandigarhis
ChhattisgarhChhattisgarhiChhattisgarhis
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and DiuDadran
Nagar Havelian
Damanese
Diuese
Dadran
Nagar Havelian
Damanese
Diuese
DelhiDelhiite, DelhianDelhiites, Delhians
GoaGoan,[1] GoenkarGoans, Goenkars
GujaratGujarati[1]Gujaratis
HaryanaHaryanviHaryanvis_
Himachal PradeshHimachaliHimachalis
Jammu and KashmirJammu
Kashmiri[1]
Jammuite
Kashimiris
_
JharkhandJharkhandiJharkhandis
KarnatakaKarnatakan, Canarese[1]Karnatakans, Canarese, Kannadiga
KeralaKeraliteKeralitesMalayalis
Ladakh Ladakhi Ladakhi
Lakshadweep (Laccadives)LaccadivianLaccadivians
Madhya PradeshMadhya PradeshiMadhya Pradeshis
MaharashtraMaharashtrian[1]MaharashtriansMarathi
ManipurManipuri[1]Manipuris
MeghalayaMeghalayanMeghalayans
MizoramMizo[1]Mizos
NagalandNaga,[1] NagalandeseNagas
OdishaOdia[1] (Odia) [of the people]
Odishan (Orissan) [of the state]
Odissi (Orissi)[1]
Odias (Odias)
Odishans (Orissans)
_
Puducherry (formerly Pondicherry)PondicherrianPondicherrians_
PunjabPunjabi[1]Punjabis
RajasthanRajasthani[1]Rajasthanis
SikkimSikkimese[1]Sikkimese
Tamil NaduTamil,[1] TamilianTamils, Tamilians
TelanganaTelanganiteTelanganitesTeluguvaaru
TripuraTripuri, TripuranTripuris, Tripurans
Uttar PradeshUttar PradeshiUttar Pradeshis
UttarakhandUttarakhandiUttarakhandis
West Bengal(West) Bengali,[1] (West) Bengalese (archaic)[1](West) Bengalis

Bangladeshi divisions

Division Adjective Demonym
  colloquial
Barisal Division Barisali Barisali (Borishali) Barisailla (Borishailla)
Chittagong Division Chittagonian Chãtgaiya (Satgaiya) Chittagainga (Sitainga)
Dhaka Division Dhakai Dhakaiya Dhakaiya
Khulna Division Khulnaiya Khulnaiya Khulnaiya
Mymensingh Division Mymensinghiya Mymensinghi Mymensinghiya
Rajshahi Division Rajshahiya Rajshahiya (Rajshahiyo) Rajshahiya
Rangpur Division Rangpuri Rangpuri (Rongpuri) Rangpuri
Sylhet Division Sylheti Sylheti (Sileti) Siloti

Malaysian states and territories

State / TerritoryAdjectiveDemonym
colloquial
JohorJohoreanJohoreansSoutherners
KedahKedahanKedahans
KelantanKelantaneseKelantaneseEast Coasters
Kuala LumpurKuala LumpurianKuala LumpuriansFederal Territorians, KL-ites
LabuanLabuaneseLabuaneseFederal Territorians
MalaccaMalaccanMalaccans
Negeri SembilanNegeri SembilaneseNegeri SembilaneseNegrians
PahangPahangitePahangites
PenangPenangitePenangitesPenang Islanders
PerakPerakianPerakians
PerlisPerlisianPerlisians
PutrajayaPutrajayanPutrajayansFederal Territorians
SabahSabahanSabahansBorneoans
SarawakSarawakianSarawakiansBorneoans
SelangorSelangoreanSelangoreans
Terengganu Terengganuan Terengganuans East Coasters
Peninsular (West) MalaysiaPeninsular, West MalaysianPeninsularians, West MalaysiansMalayans
East MalaysiaEast MalaysianEast MalaysiansBorneoans

States of Mexico

Federal entityAdjectiveDemonym
colloquial
AguascalientesHydrocalidHidrocálido/-a, aguascalentense
Baja CaliforniaLower CalifornianBajacaliforniano/-a
Baja California SurSouth Lower CalifornianSudcaliforniano/-a
CampecheCampechanCampechano/-a
ChiapasChiapanChiapaneco/-a
ChihuahuaChihuahuanChihuahuense"Norteño/a"
Coahuila de ZaragozaCoahuilanCoahuilense
ColimaColimeanColimense
DurangoDurangoleseDuranguense
GuanajuatoGuanajuateanGuanajuatense
GuerreroGuerreranGuerrerense
HidalgoHidalgoleseHidalguense
JaliscoJaliscanJalisciense"Jalisquillo" "Tapatio/ Tapatia"
State of MexicoMexicanMexiquense
Ciudad de México (México D.F.) (México Distrito Federal) (Mexico City)Defeño/-a"Chilango"
MichoacánMichoacaneseMichoacano/-a
MorelosMoreleseMorelense
NayaritNayaritaNayarita
Nuevo LeónNew LeoneseNeoleonés/Neoleonense"Regio/a"
OaxacaOaxacanOaxaqueño/-a"Oaxaco"
PueblaPueblan/PoblanoPoblano/-a
QuerétaroQueretanQueretano/-a
Quintana RooQuintanaroanQuintanarroense
San Luis PotosíPotosinianPotosino/-a
SinaloaSinaloanSinaloense
SonoraSonoranSonorense
TabascoTabascanTabasqueño/-a
TamaulipasTamaulipanTamaulipeco/-a
TlaxcalaTlaxcalthequeTlaxcalteco/ -a
VeracruzVeracruzanVeracruzano/-a"Jarocho/a"
YucatánYucathequeYucateco/-a"Costeño/a"

"

ZacatecasZacatecanZacatecano/-a
  1. Capitalino is often used to refer to people from Mexico City; however, capitalino can be used to refer to people from any state capital. "Defeño" and "Chilango" are listed by the Royal Spanish Academy

Regions of New Zealand

Region/IslandAdjectiveDemonym
colloquial
Auckland RegionAucklandAucklanders"Jafas"
Bay of Plenty RegionBay of PlentyBay of Plentiers"BOPians"
Canterbury RegionCanterburyCantabrians"Cantabs"
Gisborne RegionGisborne, East CoastGisbornians, East Coasters
Hawke's Bay RegionHawke's BayHawke's Bayers
Manawatū-Whanganui RegionManawatū-Whanganui, Manawatu, WanganuiManawatū-Whanganuians, Manawatuans, Whanganuians
Marlborough RegionMarlboroughMarlburians
Nelson RegionNelsonianNelsonians
Northland RegionNorthlandNorthlanders
Otago RegionOtagoOtagoites
Southland RegionSouthlandSouthlanders
Taranaki RegionTaranakiTaranakians"'Nakians"
Tasman RegionTasmanTasmanites
Waikato RegionWaikatoWaikatoans"Mooloos"
Wellington RegionWellington, WellingtonianWellingtonians
West Coast Region West Coast West Coasters"Coasters"
North IslandNorth IslandNorth Islanders
South IslandSouth Island / MainlandSouth Islanders"Mainlanders"
Stewart IslandStewart Island, RakiuranStewart Islanders
Chatham IslandsChathamChatham Islanders

Philippine provinces

Regions in Greco-Roman antiquity

Regions tracing their origins (or otherwise referenced) in Greco-Roman antiquity [in cases where ancient regions are extant, this table is limited to cases where the present-day regional names retain their original/ancient form].

(References: Herodotus' "Histories"; Thucydides' "Peloponnesian War"; Pausanias' "Description of Greece"; Lemprière's Bibliotheca Classica; Leverett's 1838 edition of the "Lexicon of the Latin Language"; Freeman's "The History of Sicily..."; et al.)

NameAdjectiveDemonym
colloquial
AcarnaniaAcarnanianAcarnanians
AchaeaAchaeanAchaeans
AeginaAeginetanAeginetans
AethaeaAethaeanAethaeans
AetoliaAetolianAetolians
AndalusiaAndalusianAndalusians
ApuliaApulianApulians
AquitaniaAquitanianAquitanians
ArcadiaArcadianArcadians
ArgosArgiveArgives
ArretiumArretineArretines
AthensAthenianAthenians
Bactria, BactrianaBactrianBactrians
BavariaBavarianBavarians
BoeotiaBoeotian, BeotianBoeotians, Beotians
BoiohaemumBoiusBoii
Bosporus, BosphorusBosporan, BosphoranBosporans, Bosphorans
Bruttium(Bruttus ?), BruttianBrutti, Bruttians
ByzantiumByzantineByzantines
CalabriaCalabrianCalabrians
CampaniaCampanianCampanians
CantabriaCantabrianCantabrians
CariaCarianCarians
CarthageCarthaginianCarthaginians
CarystusCarystianCarystians
CataloniaCatalan, CatalonianCatalans, Catalonians
CephaloniaCephalonianCephalonians
ChalcisChalcidianChalcidians
ChiosChiotChiots
ColchisColchianColchians
ColossaeColossianColossians
ConsentiaConsentianConsentians
CorcyraCorcyreanCorcyreans
CorsicaCorsicanCorsicans
CreteCretanCretans
CrotonCrotonianCrotonians
CycladesCycladianCycladians
CyprusCypriot, CyprioteCypriots, Cypriotes
CyrenaicaCyrenaicCyrenaics
CyreneCyrenianCyrenians
DaciaDacianDacians
DalmatiaDalmatianDalmatians
DelosDelianDelians
DodecaneseDodecanesianDodecanesians
EdoniaEdonianEdonians
EgestaEgestanEgestans
Eleusina or EleusisEleusian, EleusinianEleusians, Eleusinians
Elis or EleiaElianElians
EphesusEphesianEphesians
Epidamnus or EpidamnosEpidamnianEpidamnians
EpidaurusEpidaurianEpidaurians
EpirusEpiroteEpirotes
EretriaEretrianEretrians
EtruriaEtrurian, EtruscanEtruscans
EuboeaEuboeanEuboeans
GalatiaGalatianGalatians
GallaeciaGallaecusGallaeci
Gallia or GaulGaulishGauls
GermaniaGermanic, GermanusGermanic, Germani
IberiaIberianIberians
IllyriaIllyrianIllyrians
IoniaIonianIonians
KalymnosKalymnianKalymnians
KauloniaKaulonianKaulonians
KnossosKnossianKnossians
Lakedaimon/ia or Lakedaemon/iaLakedaimonian or LakedaemonianLakedaimonians or Lakedaemonians
LarissaLarissanLarissans
LatiumLatinLatins
Leontini, LeontiumLeontinianLeontinians
LesbosLesbianLesbians
LocrisLocrianLocrians
LucaniaLucanianLucanians
LydiaLydianLydians
MacedoniaMacedonianMacedonians
MaeoniaMaeonianMaeonians
MantineiaMantineanMantineans
MarathonMarathonianMarathonians
MediaMedianMedes, Medians
MegaraMegarianMegarians
MeliteMelitianMelitians
MelosMelianMelians
MesopotamiaMesopotamianMesopotamians
MesseniaMessenianMessenians
MiletusMilesianMilesians
Mithymna or MethymnaMethymnianMethymnians
MoraviaMoravianMoravians
MycenaeMycenaeanMycenaeans
MytileneMytileneanMytileneans
Naupactus or NafpaktosNaupactianNaupactians
NaxosNaxianNaxians
NisyrosNisyrianNisyrians
OeaOeanOeans
OlympiaOlympianOlympians
Oiniades, OiniadaiOiniadanOiniadans
Orkney IslandsOrcadianOrcadians
Paeonia or PaioniaPaeonianPaeonians
PamphyliaPamphylianPamphylians
ParosParianParians
PatmosPatmianPatmians
PeloponnesePeloponnesianPeloponnesians
PergamumPergamianPergamians
PersiaPersianPersians
PhilippiPhilippianPhilippians
PhliusPhliasianPhliasians
PhocisPhocianPhocians
PhoeniciaPhoenicianPhoenicians
PhrygiaPhrygianPhrygians
PisidiaPisidianPisidians
PontusPontianPontians
PylosPylosianPylosians
RhegionRhegian, RhegineRhegians, Rhegines
RhodesRhodianRhodians
Rhithymna, Rhithymnia, RithymnaRhithymnianRhithymnians
RomeRomanRomans
SabinumSabineSabines
SalamisSalaminianSalaminians
SamniumSamniteSamnites
SamosSamianSamians
SardiniaSardinian, SardiSardinians, Sardi
SardisSardianus, SardianSardiani, Sardians
SarmatiaSarmatian, Sarmata, or SauromataSarmatians, Sarmatae, or Sauromatae
ScythiaScytha, ScythianScythae, Scythians
Serrae, SerrhaeSerreanSerreans
SericaSereSeres
SicilySicilianSicilians
SicyonSicyonianSicyonian
Sidon, or SaïdaSidonianSidonians
SilesiaSilesianSilesians
SkopelosSkopelitanSkopelitans
SpartaSpartanSpartans
SuebiaSuebiusSuebi
SymiSymianSymians
SyracuseSyracusanSyracusans
Taras, TarentumTarentine, TarentumianTarentines, Tarentumians
TegeaTegeanTegeans
TenedosTenedianTenedians
TenedosTenedianTenedians
ThasosThasianThasians
ThebesThebanThebans
ThespisThespianThespians
ThessalyThessalianThessalians
ThraceThracianThracians
ThriaThriasianThriasians
ThuriaThuriatThuriats
ThuriiThurianThurians
ThyniaThynianThynians
TrichonosTrichonianTrichonians
TroezenTroezenianTroezenians
TroyTrojanTrojans
UmbriaUmbrianUmbrians
XanthiXanthianXanthians
ZakynthosZakynthianZakynthians

Other former nations and regions

Ancient civilizations, former colonies, renamed countries and regions, annexations, secessions, etc. (other than Greco-Roman, which see above).

Fictional regions

NameAdjectiveDemonym
AtlantisAtlantean, AtlantineAtlanteans, Atlantans
AloriaAlornAlorns
AndorAndorianAndorians
AttilanInhumans
BlefuscuBlefuscudianBlefuscudians
Black MarshArgonianArgonians, Saxhleel
BorduriaBordurianBordurians
BrobdingnagBrobdingnagianBrobdingnagians
LaputaLaputianLaputans
LilliputLilliputianLilliputians
Cardassia PrimeCardassianCardassians
CyrodiilCyrodilicCyrodil, Cyrods, Imperials
BajorBajoranBajorans, Bajora
DorneDornishDornish
ElsweyrKhajiitiKhajiit
FerenginarFerengiFerengi
GallifreyGallifreyanGallifreyans
GenoshaGenoshanGenoshans
HammerfellRedguardRedguards
High RockBretonBretons
Islandia Islandian Islandians
KryptonKryptonianKryptonians
LatveriaLatverianLatverians
LuggnaggLuggnaggians
MorrowindVelothi, DunmeriThe Dunmer, Dark Elves
NarniaNarnianNarnians
NumenorNumenoreanNumenoreans, Dunedan (sg), Dunedain (pl)
Daedric Planes of OblivionDaedricDaedroth (sing), Daedra (pl)
OrsiniumOrcishThe Orsimer, Orcs
OzOzianOzite[2]
PoictesmePoictoumois
Qo'noSKlingonKlingons
RemusRemanRemans
RohanRohirricRohirrim
RomulusRomulanRomulans
SkaroSkaroene, SkarosianSkarosians
SkyrimNordic, NorseNords
Summerset IslesAltmeriThe Altmer, High Elves
SontarSontaranSontarans
SyldaviaSyldavianSyldavians
UtopiaUtopianUtopians
WakandaWakandanWakandans
WesterosWesterosiWesterosi
ValenwoodBosmeriThe Bosmer, Wood Elves
VulcanVulcan, VulcanianVulcans

See also

References

  1. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
  2. Baum, L. Frank (1908). Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz. United States: Reilly & Britton. p. 272.
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