List of Lepidoptera of Massachusetts

The following is a list of Lepidoptera present in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. There are over 200 different species of moths in the state, but due to similarities many are often mistaken for other species.

List criteria and legend

Criteria

• Photography – The list below does not cite vernacular photography, all photography sourcing must be verified by and/or taken by an expert in the field.
• Range – The list below generally excludes vagrancy, Lepidoptera that are native or have been introduced to the state are preferred. Photos alone can not establish a range unless specifically stated.

Legend

•   Endangered species (state level)

Moths

Image	Scientific name	Common name(s)	Genus	Family[lower-alpha 1]	Described
	Abagrotis alternata[1][2]	Greater red dart Mottled gray cutworm	Abagrotis	Noctuidae	1865
N/A	Abagrotis brunneipennis[2][3]	Yankee dart	Abagrotis	Noctuidae	1875
N/A	Abagrotis magnicupida[2]	One-dotted dart	Abagrotis	Noctuidae	1998
N/A	Abagrotis nefascia[4] (Status: Special concern)	Coastal heathland cutworm	Abagrotis	Noctuidae	1908
	Achatia distincta[5][6]	Distinct Quaker	Achatia	Noctuidae	1813
	Acleris semipurpurana[7]	Oak leaftier Oak leaf tier	Acleris	Tortricidae	1909
N/A	Acleris variana[8]	Eastern blackheaded budworm	Acleris	Tortricidae	1886
	Acronicta afflicta[6][9]	Afflicted dagger moth	Acronicta	Noctuidae	1864
	Acronicta albarufa[4][10] (Status: Threatened)	Barrens dagger moth	Acronicta	Noctuidae	1874
	Acronicta haesitata[6][11]	Hesitant dagger moth	Acronicta	Noctuidae	1882
	Acronicta hasta[6]	Forked dagger moth Speared dagger moth Cherry dagger moth Dart dagger moth	Acronicta	Noctuidae	1852
	Acronicta inclara[6]	Unclear dagger moth	Acronicta	Noctuidae	1900
	Acronicta increta[6]	Raspberry bud dagger moth Raspberry bud moth Peach sword stripe night moth	Acronicta	Noctuidae	1875
	Acronicta lithospila[6]	Streaked dagger moth	Acronicta	Noctuidae	1874
	Acronicta modica[6]	Medium dagger moth	Acronicta	Noctuidae	1856
	Aethalura intertexta[12]	Four-barred gray	Aethalura	Geometridae	1860
N/A	Aethes spartinana[13]	N/A	Aethes	Tortricidae	1916
	Agrotis ipsilon[6]	Dark sword-grass Black cutworm Greasy cutworm Floodplain cutworm Ipsilon dart	Agrotis	Noctuidae	1766
	Alsophila pometaria[14]	Fall cankerworm	Alsophila	Geometridae	1841
	Anavitrinella pampinaria[12]	Common gray	Anavitrinella	Geometridae	1857
	Anisota stigma[15][16] (Status: Rare)	Spiny oakworm moth	Anisota	Saturniidae	1775
	Antepione thisoaria[17]	Variable antepione	Antepione	Geometridae	1857
N/A	Apamea inebriata[4] (Status: Special concern)	Drunk apamea moth	Apamea	Noctuidae	1977
	Apamea sordens[6]	Rustic shoulder-knot Bordered apamea	Apamea	Noctuidae	1766
N/A	Apodrepanulatrix liberaria[4] (Status: Endangered)	New Jersey tea inchworm	Apodrepanulatrix	Geometridae	1860
	Apantesis nais[17]	Nais tiger moth	Apantesis	Erebidae	1773
	Arta statalis[18][19]	Posturing arta moth	Arta	Pyralidae	1875
	Athetis tarda[6]	Slowpoke moth	Athetis	Noctuidae	1852
N/A	Autographa precationis[6]	Common looper moth	Autographa	Noctuidae	1852
	Baileya ophthalmica[6]	Eyed baileya	Baileya	Nolidae	1852
N/A	Besma endropiaria[12]	Straw besma	Besma	Geometridae	1867
	Besma quercivoraria[12]	Oak besma	Besma	Geometridae	1857
	Bleptina caradrinalis[17]	Bent-winged owlet Variable snout moth	Bleptina	Erebidae	1852
N/A	Cabnia myronella[20]	N/A	Cabnia[lower-alpha 2]	Pyralidae	1904
	Callopistria cordata[6]	Silver-spotted fern moth	Callopistria	Noctuidae	1825
	Callopistria mollissima[6]	Pink-shaded fern moth	Callopistria	Noctuidae	1852
	Caripeta piniata[12]	Northern pine looper	Caripeta	Geometridae	1870
	Catocala angusi[21] (Status: Rare)	'Angus' underwing	Catocala	Erebidae	1876[lower-alpha 3]
	Catocala crataegi[21]	Hawthorn underwing Chokeberry underwing	Catocala	Erebidae	1876
	Catocala dejecta[21] (Status: Rare)	Dejected underwing	Catocala	Erebidae	1880
	Catocala flebilis[21] (Status: Possibly rare)	Mourning underwing	Catocala	Erebidae	1872
	Catocala herodias[21][22] (Status: Special concern)	Herodias underwing Gerhard's underwing	Catocala	Erebidae	1876
	Catocala lacrymosa[21] (Status: Rare)	Tearful underwing	Catocala	Erebidae	1852
	Catocala miranda[21] (Status: Rare)	Miranda underwing	Catocala	Erebidae	1881
	Catocala obscura[21][23]	Obscure underwing	Catocala	Erebidae	1873
N/A	Catocala pretiosa[4] (Status: Endangered)	Precious underwing	Catocala	Erebidae	1876
	Catocala serena[21]	Serene underwing	Catocala	Erebidae	1864
N/A	Chaetaglaea cerata[4] (Status: Special concern)	Waxed sallow	Chaetaglaea	Noctuidae	1943
	Chloroclystis rectangulata[17]	Green pug	Pasiphila	Geometridae	1758
	Chytolita morbidalis[17]	Morbid owlet moth Morbid owlet	Chytolita	Erebidae	1854
	Chytonix palliatricula[6]	Cloaked marvel moth	Chytonix	Noctuidae	1852
N/A	Cicinnus melsheimeri[4] (Status: Threatened)	Melsheimer's sack bearer	Cicinnus	Mimallonidae[24]	1841[24]
N/A	Cingilia catenaria[4] (Status: Special concern)	Chain-dotted geometer Chain dot geometer Chainspotted geometer Chain-spotted geometer	Cingilia[lower-alpha 2]	Geometridae	1773
	Cisthene packardii[17]	Packard's lichen moth	Cisthene	Erebidae	1863
	Cladara limitaria[17]	Mottled gray carpet moth	Cladara	Geometridae	1860
N/A	Coleophora astericola[25]	N/A	Coleophora	Coleophoridae	1920
	Colocasia propinquilinea[6]	Closebanded yellowhorn	Colocasia	Noctuidae	1873
	Condica vecors[6]	Dusky groundling	Condica	Noctuidae	1852
	Cosmia calami[26]	American dun-bar moth	Cosmia[lower-alpha 4]	Noctuidae	1876
N/A	Crocigrapha normani[6]	N/A	Crocigrapha[lower-alpha 2]	Noctuidae	1874
	Cyclophora pendulinaria[17]	Sweetfern geometer moth Pearly-grey wave	Cyclophora	Geometridae	1857
	Cycnia inopinatus[4] (Status: Threatened)	Unexpected cycnia	Cycnia	Erebidae	1882
	Cycnia oregonensis[17]	N/A	Cycnia	Erebidae	1873
	Darapsa pholus[17]	Azalea sphinx	Darapsa	Sphingidae	1779
	Dargida rubripennis[4] (Status: Threatened)	The pink streak	Dargida	Noctuidae	1870
	Deidamia inscriptum[17]	Lettered sphinx	Deidamia[lower-alpha 2]	Sphingidae	1839
	Dolba hyloeus	Pawpaw sphinx	Dolba[lower-alpha 2]	Sphingidae	1773
N/A	Drasteria grandirena[17]	Figure-seven moth Great kidney	Drasteria	Erebidae	1809
	Drepana arcuata[12]	Arched hooktip Masked birch caterpillar	Drepana	Drepanidae	1855
	Eacles imperialis[4] (Status: Threatened)	Imperial moth	Eacles	Saturniidae	1773
N/A	Egira alternans[6]	Alternate woodling	Egira	Noctuidae	1857
	Elaphria festivoides[6]	Festive midget	Elaphria	Noctuidae	1852
	Elaphria versicolor[6]	Variegated midget	Elaphria	Noctuidae	1875
N/A	Euchlaena irraria[12]	Least-marked euchlaena	Euchlaena	Geometridae	1916
	Euchlaena madusaria[4] (Status: Special concern)	Scrub euchlaena moth	Euchlaena	Geometridae	1860
	Eufidonia convergaria[12]	Pine powder moth Converged powder moth	Eufidonia	Geometridae	1860
N/A	Eufidonia notataria[12]	Powder moth	Eufidonia	Geometridae	1860
N/A	Eulithis explanata[17]	White eulithis	Eulithis	Geometridae	1862
N/A	Euplexia benesimilis[6]	American angle shades	Euplexia	Noctuidae	1922
	Eutrapela clemetaria[17]	Curve-toothed geometer moth Purplish-brown looper	Eutrapela[lower-alpha 2]	Geometridae	1797
N/A	Feltia manifesta[6]	N/A	Feltia	Noctuidae	1875
	Grammia figurata[17]	Figured tiger moth	Grammia	Erebidae	1773
	Grammia phyllira[4] (Status: Endangered)	Phyllira tiger moth	Grammia	Erebidae	1773
	Heliomata cycladata[12]	Common spring moth	Heliomata	Geometridae	1866
	Hemaris diffinis[27]	Snowberry clearwing	Hemaris	Sphingidae	1836
	Hemaris gracilis[4] (Status: Special concern)	Slender clearwing Graceful clearwing	Hemaris	Sphingidae	1865
	Hemaris thysbe[27]	Hummingbird clearwing	Hemaris	Sphingidae	1775
	Hemileuca maia[4] (Status: Special concern)	Buck moth	Hemileuca	Saturniidae	1773
	Heterocampa guttivitta[17]	Saddled prominent moth	Heterocampa	Notodontidae	1855
	Heterocampa umbrata[17]	White-blotched heterocampa	Heterocampa	Notodontidae	1855
N/A	Heterocampa varia[4] (Status: Threatened)	Sandplain heterocampa Alpine mouse-ear White-marked heterocampa	Heterocampa	Notodontidae	1855
	Homorthodes lindseyi[6]	Southern scurfy Quaker moth	Homorthodes	Noctuidae	1922
	Hypagyrtis esther[12]	Esther moth	Hypagyrtis	Geometridae	1928
	Hypagyrtis unipunctata[12]	One-spotted variant White spot	Hypagyrtis	Geometridae	1809
N/A	Hypenodes fractilinea[17]	Broken-line hypenodes	Hypenodes	Erebidae	1908
	Hyperaeschra georgica[17]	Georgian prominent	Hyperaeschra	Notodontidae	1855
N/A	Hyperstrotia villificans[12]	White-lined graylet moth	Hyperstrotia	Erebidae	1918
	Hyphantria cunea[28]	Fall webworm	Hyphantria	Erebidae	1773
N/A	Hypomecis buchholzaria[4] (Status: Endangered)	Blue spiderwort moth Buchholz's gray	Hypomecis	Geometridae	1937
N/A	Hyppa xylinoides[6]	Common hyppa Cranberry cutworm	Hyppa	Noctuidae	1852
	Idia aemula[17]	Common idia Powdered snout Waved tabby	Idia	Erebidae	1813
	Idia americalis[17]	American idia American snout	Idia	Erebidae	1854
N/A	Idia julia[17]	Julia’s Idia	Idia	Erebidae	1894
	Idia rotundalis[17]	Chocolate idia	Idia	Erebidae	1866
N/A	Iridopsis vellivolata[12]	Large purplish gray	Iridopsis	Geometridae	1881
	Itame pustularia[12]	Lesser maple spanworm	Speranza	Geometridae	1857
N/A	Lacinipolia anguina[6]	Snaky arches	Lacinipolia	Noctuidae	1881
	Lacinipolia renigera[6]	Kidney-spotted minor Bristly cutworm	Lacinipolia	Noctuidae	1829
	Ledaea perditalis[17]	Buttonbush owlet	Ledaea	Erebidae	1859
N/A	Leucania linita[6]	Linen wainscot moth	Leucania	Noctuidae	1852
	Leucania ursula[6]	Ursula wainscot	Leucania	Noctuidae	1936
N/A	Lithophane viridipallens[4] (Status: Special concern)	Pale green pinion moth	Lithophane	Noctuidae	1877
	Lomographa vestaliata[12]	White spring moth	Lomographa	Geometridae	1857
N/A	Lycia rachelae[4] (Status: Endangered)	Twilight moth	Lycia	Geometridae	1896
	Lycia ypsilon[4] (Status: Threatened)	Woolly gray	Lycia	Geometridae	1885
	Lymantria dispar dispar[29]	Gypsy moth	Lymantria	Erebidae	1758[lower-alpha 5]
N/A	Macaria bisignata[12]	Redheaded inchworm	Macaria	Geometridae	1866
N/A	Macaria granitata[12]	Granite moth	Macaria	Geometridae	1857
	Macaria minorata[12]	Minor angle moth	Macaria	Geometridae	1873
N/A	Macaria pinistrobata[12]	White pine angle	Macaria	Geometridae	1972
	Macaria transitaria[12]	Blurry chocolate angle	Macaria	Geometridae	1861
	Macrurocampa marthesia[17]	Mottled prominent	Macrurocampa	Notodontidae	1780
	Malacosoma americanum[14][17]	Eastern tent caterpillar	Malacosoma	Lasiocampidae	1793
	Meganola minuscula[17]	Confused meganola	Meganola	Nolidae	1872
N/A	Metarranthis apiciaria[4] (Status: Endangered)	Barrens metarranthis	Metarranthis	Geometridae	1876
	Metarranthis obfirmaria[12]	Yellow-washed metarranthis	Metarranthis	Geometridae	1823
N/A	Metarranthis pilosaria[4] (Status: Special concern)	Coastal bog metarranthi Slender groundsel moth	Metarranthis	Geometridae	1876
	Morrisonia confusa[6]	Confused woodgrain	Morrisonia	Noctuidae	1831
	Morrisonia latex[6]	Fluid arches	Morrisonia	Noctuidae	1852
	Nadata gibbosa[17]	Rough prominent White-dotted prominent Tawny prominent	Nadata	Notodontidae	1797
	Nemoria bistriaria[17]	Red-fringed emerald Two-striped emerald	Nemoria	Geometridae	1818
N/A	Neoligia semicana[4] (Status: Special concern)	Northern brocade moth	Neoligia	Noctuidae	1865
	Noctua pronuba[6]	Large yellow underwing	Noctua	Noctuidae	1758
	Nola clethrae[17]	Sweet pepperbush nola moth	Nola	Nolidae	1899
	Nola pustulata[17]	Sharp-blotched nola	Nola	Nolidae	1865
	Oligia strigilis[6]	Marbled minor	Oligia	Noctuidae	1758
	Operophtera brumata[30]	Winter moth	Operophtera	Geometridae	1758
N/A	Orthodes cynica[6]	Cynical Quaker	Orthodes	Noctuidae	1852
N/A	Orthodes detracta[6]	Disparaged arches	Orthodes	Noctuidae	1857
	Paleacrita vernata[14]	Spring cankerworm	Paleacrita	Geometridae	1795
	Palthis angulalis[17]	Dark-spotted palthis	Palthis	Erebidae	1796
	Pangrapta decoralis[17]	Decorated owlet	Pangrapta	Erebidae	1818
	Panopoda rufimargo[17]	Red-lined panopoda	Panopoda	Erebidae	1818
N/A	Papaipema appassionata[4] (Status: Threatened)	Pitcher plant borer	Papaipema	Noctuidae	1876
N/A	Papaipema sp. 2 near pterisii[4] (Status: Special concern)	Ostrich fern borer[lower-alpha 6]	Papaipema	Noctuidae	Un­known
N/A	Papaipema stenocelis[4] (Status: Threatened)	Chain fern borer	Papaipema	Noctuidae	1907
N/A	Papaipema sulphurata[4] (Status: Threatened)	Water-willow stem borer	Papaipema	Noctuidae	1926
	Peridea angulosa[17]	Angulose prominent	Peridea	Notodontidae	1797
	Pero ancetaria[12]	Hübner's pero	Pero	Geometridae	1806
N/A	Petrophora subaequaria[12]	Northern petrophora	Petrophora	Geometridae	1860
	Phaeoura quernaria[12]	Oak beauty	Phaeoura	Geometridae	1797
	Phalaenostola larentioides[17]	Black-banded owlet	Phalaenostola	Erebidae	1873
N/A	Photedes inops[4] (Status: Special concern)	Spartina borer moth	Photedes	Noctuidae	1881
	Plagodis alcoolaria[12]	Hollow-spotted plagodis	Plagodis	Geometridae	1857
N/A	Probole alienaria[12]	Alien probole	Probole	Geometridae	1855
	Protitame virginalis[12]	Virgin moth	Protitame	Geometridae	1900
N/A	Protoboarmia porcelaria[12]	Porcelain gray Dash-lined looper	Protoboarmia	Geometridae	1857
	Protorthodes oviduca[6]	Ruddy Quaker moth	Protorthodes	Noctuidae	1852
N/A	Psectraglaea carnosa[4] (Status: Special concern)	Pink sallow	Psectraglaea[lower-alpha 2]	Noctuidae	1877
	Ptichodis bistrigata[4] (Status: Threatened)	Southern ptichodis moth	Ptichodis	Erebidae	1818
	Raphia frater[6]	N/A	Raphia	Noctuidae	1864
	Rhodoecia aurantiago[6][4] (Status: Special concern)	Orange sallow moth Aureolaria seed borer	Rhodoecia[lower-alpha 2]	Noctuidae	1852
	Schizura unicornis[17]	Unicorn caterpillar moth Unicorn prominent Variegated prominent	Schizura	Notodontidae	1797
N/A	Spargaloma sexpunctata[17]	Six-spotted gray	Spargaloma[lower-alpha 2]	Erebidae	1873
N/A	Speranza argillacearia[12]	Mousy angle moth	Speranza	Geometridae	1874
N/A	Speranza exonerata[4] (Status: Special concern)	Barrens itame	Speranza	Geometridae	2008
	Spilosoma congrua[17]	Agreeable tiger moth	Spilosoma	Erebidae	1855
N/A	Spilosoma virginica[17]	Virginia tiger moth[lower-alpha 7]	Spilosoma	Erebidae	1798
N/A	Spiramater lutra[6]	Otter spiramater	Spiramater[lower-alpha 2]	Noctuidae	1852
N/A	Stenoporpia polygrammaria[4] (Status: Threatened)	Faded gray Faded gray geometer	Stenoporpia	Geometridae	1876
N/A	Sympistis riparia[4] (Status: Special concern)	Dune sympistis	Sympistis	Noctuidae	Un­known
	Tetanolita mynesalis[17]	Smoky tetanolita	Tetanolita	Erebidae	1859
	Tetracis cachexiata[17]	White slant-line White slaut	Tetracis	Geometridae	1858
	Ulolonche culea[6]	Sheathed Quaker	Ulolonche	Noctuidae	1852
N/A	Ulolonche modesta[6]	Modest Quaker	Ulolonche	Noctuidae	1874
	Virbia opella[17]	Tawny holomelina	Virbia	Erebidae	1863
N/A	Zale helata[17]	Brown-spotted zale	Zale	Noctuidae	1943
	Zale lunifera[4] (Status: Special concern)	Bold-based zale Pine barrens zale	Zale	Noctuidae	1818
N/A	Zale metatoides[17]	Washed-out zale Jack pine false looper	Zale	Noctuidae	1943
	Zale minerea[17]	Colorful zale Large false looper Mahogany similar-wing	Zale	Erebidae	1852
N/A	Zale obliqua[17]	Oblique zale	Zale	Noctuidae	1852
	Zale undularis[17]	Black zale	Zale	Noctuidae	1773
	Zanclognatha marcidilinea[17]	Yellowish zanclognatha	Zanclognatha	Erebidae	1859
N/A	Zanclognatha martha[4] (Status: Special concern)	Pine barrens zanclognatha Martha's zanclognatha	Zanclognatha	Erebidae	1928

Butterflies

Image	Scientific name	Common name(s)	Genus	Family[lower-alpha 8]	Described
	Achalarus lyciades[32]	Hoary edge	Achalarus	Hesperiidae	1832
N/A	Callophrys hesseli[4] (Status: Special concern)	Hessel's hairstreak	Callophrys	Lycaenidae	1950
N/A	Callophrys lanoraieensis[4] (Status: Threatened)	Bog elfin	Callophrys	Lycaenidae	1934
	Callophrys irus[4] (Status: Special concern)	Frosted elfin	Callophrys	Lycaenidae	1824
N/A	Erora laeta[4] (Status: Threatened)	Early hairstreak	Erora	Lycaenidae	1862
	Erynnis persius persius[4] (Status: Endangered)	Persius duskywing	Erynnis	Hesperiidae	1863
	Euphyes dion[4] (Status: Threatened)	Dion skipper Alabama skipper	Euphyes	Hesperiidae	1879
	Pieris oleracea	Mustard white	Pieris	Pieridae	1829

Notes

1. Subfamilies are not included
2. Sole species of this genus
3. First recorded in Massachusetts in the mid-1920s
4. The reference given uses the name "Calymnia"
5. First found in Massachusetts in 1869
6. Not formally described in published scientific literature.[31]
7. Also known as the "yellow woolly bear" or "yellow bear" caterpillar before adulthood
8. Subfamilies are not included

Image notes

• Hyphantria cunea – The females of this species are unspotted.
• Lymantria dispar dispar – Males of this species are brown in color.

References

1. Samuel Ebb Crumb (1956). The larvae of the Phalaenidae. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. p. 115.
2. Paul Z. Goldstein and Michael W. Nelson (March 14, 2017). "Two psammophilic noctuids newly associated with beach plum, Prunus maritima (Rosaceae): The Dune Noctuid (Sympistis riparia) and Coastal Heathland Cutworm (Abagrotis benjamini) in Northeastern North America (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)". ZooKeys. National Institutes of Health (661): 61–89. doi:10.3897/zookeys.661.10867. PMC 5539367. PMID 28769603.
3. "UNH Insect and Arachnid Collections - Record Detail (Abagrotis brunneipennis)". University of New Hampshire. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
4. "List of Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern species". www.mass.gov. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
5. Bulletin - United States National Museum, Issues 44-46. Smithsonian Institution Press. 1893. p. 116.
6. "Butterflies and Moths of the DCR Middlesex Fells Reservation (4/4)" (PDF). Department of Conservation and Recreation (Middlesex Fells Reservation). p. A-53.
7. Talerico, R. L. (1978). "Major hardwood defoliators of the Eastern United States". United States Department of Agriculture, Home and Garden Bulletin. 224. Archived from the original on 2008-11-19. Retrieved 2009-10-31. Note: this is published on the www.forestpests.org website with the title "Oak leaftier: Acleris semipurpurana"
8. John Valentine Schaffner (1959). Microlepidoptera and Their Parasites Reared from Field Collections in the Northeastern United States. United States Department of Agriculture. p. 33.
9. Sam Jaffe. The Caterpillars of Massachusetts 2009 (PDF). North American Butterfly Association. p. 58.
10. Patterson, William A., III; Clarke, Gretel L.; Haggerty, Sarah A.; Sievert, Paul R.; Kelty, Matthew (2005) Wildland fuel management options for the central plains of Martha's Vineyard: impacts on fuel loads, fire behavior, and rare plant and insect species. Final Report RFR# DEM705. In: Managing fuels in Northeastern Barrens. In: Publications – Fuel treatments. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts, Department of Natural Resources Conservation
11. "Acronicta albarufa - Grote, 1874". NatureServe. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
12. "Butterflies and Moths of the DCR Middlesex Fells Reservation (2/4)" (PDF). Department of Conservation and Recreation (Middlesex Fells Reservation). p. A-51.
13. Savela, Markku. "?Aethes spartinana (Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
14. "Nuisance Moths". Massachusetts Audubon Society. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
15. Andrea Chaloux (April 18, 2019). "Spiny Oakworm Moth Anisota stigma (Fabricius, 1775)". New York Natural Heritage Program. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
16. Wayne F. MacCallum (1996). Massachusetts Military Reservation Facilities Upgrade, Barnstable County Environmental Impact Statement. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife.
17. "Butterflies and Moths of the DCR Middlesex Fells Reservation (3/4)" (PDF). Department of Conservation and Recreation (Middlesex Fells Reservation). p. A-52.
18. A. R. Grote (1882). Papilio: Devoted Exclusively to Lepidoptera, Volume 2. unknown publisher. p. 72.
19. Publications. Entomology, Volume 12, Part 2. 1920. p. 531.
20. Douglas C. Ferguson, Robert W. Poole, J. Donald Lafontaine, Ronald W. Hodges (1990). The Moths of America north of Mexico, including Greenland. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation. p. 128. ISBN 9780933003064.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
21. Theodore D. Sargent. "Legion of Night - Chapter II: A Fertile Theme". University of Massachusetts. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
22. "Gerhard's Underwing" (PDF). Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
23. David L. Wagner (2010). Caterpillars of Eastern North America: A Guide to Identification and Natural History. Princeton University Press. p. 366. ISBN 978-1400834143.
24. "Melsheimer's Sack Bearer". New York Natural Heritage Program. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
25. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. The Entomological Society of Washington. 1919. p. 160.
26. John Bernhard Smith (1893). Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Superfamily Noctuidea Found in Boreal America. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 212.
27. "Hummingbird Moth (Clearwing Moth)". Massachusetts Audubon Society. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
28. "Webworm Caterpillars". Massachusetts Audubon Society. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
29. "Gypsy Moth in Massachusetts". Mass.gov. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
30. "Winter Moths". Massachusetts Audubon Society. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
31. "Ostrich-fern Borer Papaipema sp. 2 near pterisii" (PDF). Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
32. "Butterflies and Moths of the DCR Middlesex Fells Reservation (1/4)" (PDF). Department of Conservation and Recreation (Middlesex Fells Reservation). p. A-50.

External links

• Massachusetts Butterfly Species List – NABA.org