List of Chinese treaty ports

In the 19th and early 20th century, these were the treaty ports in China.

I. Northern ports

Port	Treaty	Open Date	Closed Date	Chinese Population
New-chwang, in the imperial Shen-king province, in Manchuria	in accordance with the British Treaty of T'ien-tsin, 1858;	custom office opened 9 May 1864;		74,000
Ching-wang-tao, in Chi-li province, also in Manchuria	in accordance with an imperial decree, 31 March 1898	opened 15 December 1901		5,000
T'ien-tsin, also in Chi-li	in accordance with the British and French Peking Conventions, 1860	opened May, 1861		750,000
Che-fu, in Shang-tung	in accordance with British and French treaties of T'ien-tsin, 1858;	opened March, 1862		100,000
Kiao-chou, also in Shang-tung	German Convention 6 March 1898	opened 1 July 1899.

II. Yangtze River ports

Port	Treaty	Open Date	Closed Date	Chinese Population
Ch'ung-k'ing, in Sze-ch'wan province		opened November 1890		702,000
I-ch'ang, in Hu-pe	in accordance with Che-fu Convention, 1876	opened 1 April 1877		50,000
Sha-shi, also in Hu-pe	treaty of Shimoneseki 1895	opened 1 October 1876		C85,000
Chang-sha, in Hu-nan		opened 1 July 1904		230,000
Yo-chou, also in Hu-nan	imperial decree of 31 March 1898	opened 13 November 1899		20,000
Han-kou, also in Hu-pe	provincial regulations, 1861	opened January 1862		530,000
Kiu-kiang, in Kiang-si	same regulations	opened January 1862		36,000
Wu-hu, in Ngan-hwei	Che-fu Convention, 1876	opened 1 April 1877		123,000
Nan-king, in Kiang-su	French Treaty of T'ien-tsin, 1858	opened 1 May 1899		261,000
Chin-kiang, also in Kiang-su	British Treaty, 1858	opened April, 1861		170,000

III. Central ports

Port	Treaty	Open Date	Closed Date	Chinese Population
Shanghai, in Kiang-su province	Nan-king Treaty, 1842	opened officially 17 November 1843		651,000
Su-chou, also in Kiang-su	Shimonoseki Treaty	opened 26 September 1896		500,000
Hang-chou, in Che-kiang	Shimonoseki Treaty	opened 26 September 1896		350,000
Ning-po, in Che-kiang	Shimonoseki Treaty	opened 26 September 1896		500,000
Wen-chou, also in Che-kiang	Che-Fu Convention, 1876	opened April, 1877		80,000

IV. South Coast ports

Port	Treaty	Open Date	Closed Date	Chinese Population
San-tuao, in Fu-kien province	imperial decree of 31 March 1898	opened 1 May 1899		8000
Fu-chou, also in Fu-kien	Nan-king Treaty, 1842	opened July, 1861		624,000
Amoy, also in Fu-kien	Nan-king Treaty 1842;	opened April, 1862		114,000
Canton = Kanton, in the homonymous province Kwang-tung	Nan-king Treaty, 1842	opened October 1859		900,000
Kow-loon, also in Kwang-tung;		opened April, 1887
Lappa, again in Kwang-tung		opened 27 June 1871
Kong-moon, in Kwang-tung		opened 7 March 1904;		55,000
San-shui, also in Kwang-tung	Anglo-Chinese Convention, 4 February 1897	opened 4 June 1897		5000
Swatow, also in Kwang-tung	English, French, and American Treaty of T'ien-tsin, 1858	opened January 1860;		65,000
Wu-chou, in Kwang-si	same convention	opened 4 June 1897;		59,000
Kiung-chou (Hoy-hou), on? Hai-nan *, in? Kwang-tung	French, and English Treaties of T'ien-tsin, 1858	opened April, 1876		38,000
Pak-hoi| also in Kwang-tung	Che-fu Convention, 1876	opened April, 1877;		20,000

V. Frontier ports

Port	Treaty	Open Date	Closed Date	Population
Lung-chou, in Kwang-si province	French Treaty, 25 June 1887	opened 1 June 1899		12,000
Meng-tze, in Yun-nan	French Treaty, 1887	opened 30 April 1889		15,000
Sze-mao, also in Yun-nan	French Convention, 1895; British, 1896	opened 2 January 1897		15,000
Ten-yueh or Momein, also in Yun-nan	Convention of 4 February 1897	opened 8 May 1902;		10,000
Ya-tung, in (?) Tibet		opened 1 May 1894
Nan-ning, also in Kwang-si	opened by imperial decree, 3 February 1899, but had not (yet?) a customs office.

According to the customs statistics, 6,917,000 Chinese inhabited the treaty ports in 1906. The foreign population included 1837 firms and 38,597 persons, mainly Europeans (British 9356, French 2189, German 1939, Portuguese 3184, Italians 786, Spaniards 389, Belgians 297, Austrians 236, Russians 273, Danes 209, Dutch 225, Norwegians 185, Swedes 135), Americans 3447, Brazilians 16, Japanese 15,548, Koreans 47, subjects of non-treaty powers 236.

See also

• Unequal treaty
• Concessions in China
• Century of humiliation
• Sick man of Asia

References

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "China". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Further reading

• Bracken, Gregory. "Treaty Ports in China: Their Genesis, Development, and Influence." Journal of Urban History (2019), Vol. 45 Issue 1, pp 168-176. online
• Nield, Robert. "The China Coast: Trade and the First Treaty Ports". Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co, 2010