Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track

Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track (Norwegian: Lillehammer Olympiske Bob- og Akebane) is a bobsleigh, luge and skeleton track located at Hunderfossen in Lillehammer, Norway, 15 kilometers (9 mi) north of the town center of Lillehammer. It was completed in 1992 for the 1994 Winter Olympics, where it hosted the bobsleigh events and luge events. It has since also hosted the FIBT World Championships 1995 in skeleton and the FIL World Luge Championships 1995, and hosted 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.

Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track

Location	Hunderfossen, Lillehammer, Norway
Coordinates	61.224291°N 10.427415°E
Owner	Lillehammer Municipality
Operator	Lillehammer Olympiapark
Field size	1,710 m (5,610 ft)
Surface	Artificial ice
Construction
Broke ground	1991
Opened	1 March 1992

Original plans called for the track to be located at Fåberg. Later it was proposed moved to Kanthaugen in the town center and then Holmenkollen in Oslo, before Hunderfossen was decided upon. The track is 1,710 meters (5,610 ft), giving a competition length of 1,365 meters (4,478 ft) for bobsleigh and men's singles luge, and 1,185 meters (3,888 ft) for other luge competitions. The bobsleigh course has a vertical drop of 114 meters (374 ft), giving an 8.5 percent average grade. The track has been part of the proposed Oslo 2018 and 2022 Winter Olympics bids.

History

Prior to the Lillehammer Olympics, there was no bobsleigh and luge track in Norway.[1] During the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Korketrekkeren had been built as a temporary venue, but it was made of snow and was not reused after the Olympics.[2] In its bid for the 1994 Winter Olympics, Lillehammer had proposed placing the bobsleigh and luge track next to Balbergbakken in Fåberg.[3] By May 1989, plans for most of the venues were being reshuffled and the track was then proposed located at Kanthaugen as part of an Olympic Park at Stampesletta.[4] The Kanthaugen proposal was estimated to cost NOK 231 million.[5]

Lillehammer Municipal Council, Oppland County Council and the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage rejected the location because of the environmental impact. These institutions instead proposed that the track be built at Huseskogen at Hunderfossen. The Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee initially disapproved of the location and in 1990 started looking at the possibility of constructing the track at Holmenkollen in Oslo. Two routes were considered, one in the same route as Korketrekkeren and one which would run from Gratishaugen at Holmenkollbakken to Midtstuen. Internationally there was support from the International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation and the International Luge Federation to build Norway's track in the capital.[5] Concerns about the environmental impact of a Hunderfossen location were raised, particularly regarding visual pollution.[6] However, Hunderfossen was confirmed along with a grant issued by the Parliament of Norway on 24 August 1990.[7]

The designers of the tracks at Altenberg and Oberhof, East Germany, the Olympic tracks in La Plagne, France, and Calgary, Canada, were consulted during planning.[7] Five companies bid for the concrete construction work, which was awarded to a joint venture between Aker Entreprenør and Veidekke for NOK 45 million.[8] Also the construction of the buildings was awarded to the same group.[9] The track was the first of the Olympic venues for the 1994 games for which construction started.[10] After construction started, Minister of Culture Åse Kleveland (Labour Party) suggested in March 1991, in an attempt to reduce costs, that the 1994 Olympic bobsleigh and luge events be held at La Plagne, the site of the events for the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville. The French authorities were positive, given that Norway pay for part of the construction costs, but the idea was rejected by LOOC-president Gerhard Heiberg.[11] Also fellow party members reacted, who emphasized that NOK 30 million had already been used on blasting the track route.[12]

Construction was undertaken by spraying 1,300 tonnes (1,300 long tons; 1,400 short tons) of shotcrete intertwined with 180 tonnes (180 long tons; 200 short tons) of reinforcement bars.[6] It is the first track in the world to build the cooling pipes into an underground culvert. It consists of 31 reinforced concrete sections.[7] The concrete work was completed on 31 October 1991. Representatives for the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature stated that they were satisfied with the end result. It is the only artificially frozen bobsleigh and luge track in the Nordic Countries.[6] The venue was completed on 1 October 1992 and cost NOK 201 million.[7] After the Olympics, the ownership of the venue was transferred to Lillehammer Olympiapark, owned by Lillehammer Municipality.[13]

Specifications

The track is 1,710 meters (5,610 ft) long, including braking distance. The competitive length—excluding braking distance—for bobsleigh, skeleton and luge men's singles it is 1,365 meters (4,478 ft) long and for luge men's doubles and women's singles it is 1,065 meters (3,494 ft) long. The track has 16 turns and contains 24 photocells for timekeeping. The track has a vertical drop of 112 meters (367 ft) for the entire course, with an average 8 percent and maximum 15 percent grade. The start is located at 384 meters (1,260 ft) above mean sea level. It allows for a maximum speed of 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph).[7] The spectator capacity is 10,000.[14]

The refrigeration system contains 90 metric tons (89 long tons; 99 short tons) of ammonia circulating in 94 sections with a total length of 80 kilometers (50 mi) of pipe. This allows a capacity of 3,100 kilowatts of (10.6 million British thermal units or 880 short tons of refrigeration) cooling, which allows the track to be iced in outdoor temperatures up to 20 °C (68 °F).[14] The facility produces 4.5 gigawatt hours per year of district heating, gaining the nickname "Norway's largest refrigerator".[6]

The venue is operated by Lillehammer Olympiapark, which also operates the four other Olympic venues within Lillehammer, Lysgårdsbakken, Birkebeineren Ski Stadium, Håkons Hall and Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena. The track is staffed with seven employees, in addition to up to 20 more people during large events. The venue both serves local sports clubs and more than 20 nations have sledding sports training in Lillehammer. In addition the track serves up to 10,000 tourists per year; during summer rides are provided on wheeled bobsleighs. The track is operated eleven months per year. As of 2004, the venue received subsidies of between NOK 1.5 to 2.0 million per year.[13]

The following table shows the physical statistics for the track for the various sports. It contains the competition length (start to finish, excluding braking length), the number of turns, the vertical drop and the average grade.[15][16][17][18]

Physical statistics

Sport	Length (m)	Length (ft)	Turns	Drop (m)	Drop (ft)	Grade (%)
Bobsleigh and skeleton	1,365	4,478	16	114	374	8.5
Luge – men's singles	1,365	4,478	16	110	360	8.5
Luge – women's singles / men's doubles	1,065	3,494	13	85	279	6.9

Events

Bobsleigh at the 1994 Winter Olympics

Germany II, winners of the four-man competition at the 1994 Winter Olympics

Both two-man and four-man were competed during the 1994 Winter Olympics. Both were contested in four heats over two days: two-man took place on 19 and 20 February,[17] while four-man took place on 26 and 27 February.[19]

Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Two-man	Switzerland (SUI) Gustav Weder Donat Acklin	Switzerland (SUI) Reto Götschi Guido Acklin	Italy (ITA) Günther Huber Stefano Ticci
Four-man	Germany (GER) Harald Czudaj Karsten Brannasch Olaf Hampel Alexander Szelig	Switzerland (SUI) Gustav Weder Donat Acklin Kurt Meier Domenico Semeraro	Germany (GER) Wolfgang Hoppe Ulf Hielscher René Hannemann Carsten Embach

Luge at the 1994 Winter Olympics

Luge was contested in three events at the 1994 Winter Olympics. Singles was contested over four heats in two days, while doubles was contested in two heats on one day. Men's singles took place on 13 and 14 February,[15] women's singles took place on 15 and 16 February,[16] and men's doubles took place on 18 February.[20]

Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Men's singles	Georg Hackl  Germany	Markus Prock  Austria	Armin Zöggeler  Italy
Women's singles	Gerda Weissensteiner  Italy	Susi Erdmann  Germany	Andrea Tagwerker  Austria
Men's doubles	Italy (ITA) Kurt Brugger Wilfried Huber	Italy (ITA) Hansjörg Raffl Norbert Huber	Germany (GER) Stefan Krauße Jan Behrendt

FIBT World Championships 1995

The FIBT World Championships 1995 was split between Altenburg and Lillehammer, with bobsleigh taking place in Altenburg and skeleton in Lillehammer. The skeleton events took place on 4 and 5 March.[21]

Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Men's singles	Jürg Wenger (SUI)	Christian Auer (AUT)	Ryan Davenport (CAN)

FIL World Luge Championships 1995

The FIL World Luge Championships 1995 was competed between 30 nations in four events. It was the second to take place in Norway, after the inaugural 1955 edition in Oslo.[22]

Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Men's singles	Armin Zöggeler (ITA)	Georg Hackl (GER)	Markus Prock (AUT)
Women's singles	Gabriele Kohlisch (GER)	Susi Erdmann (GER)	Gerda Weissensteiner (ITA)
Men's doubles	Germany Stefan Krauße, Jan Behrendt	United States Chris Thorpe, Gordy Sheer	Italy Kurt Brugger, Wilfried Huber
Mixed team	Germany	Italy	Austria

Future

Lillehammer is scheduled to host the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics, which is scheduled to take place between 12 February and 21 February. Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track is scheduled to host the bobsleigh, luge and skeleton events.[23]

Three Norwegian cities, Tromsø, Oslo and Trondheim, announced intentions to bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics. Oslo planned a joint bid with Lillehammer and planned to use the sliding center along with the Alpine skiing hills of Hafjell and Kvitfjell in their bid.[24] Tromsø originally planned to build their own track, but later in the bidding process also Tromsø announced that they intended to bid using the Lillehammer track, despite a distance of 1,500 kilometers (930 mi) between Tromsø and Lillehammer. This was after the International Olympic Committee signaled that they wanted more moderation in venue construction costs and that they would prefer bid which used existing venues, even if it increased distances. This was backed by the International Luge Federation and the International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation, who both did not want additional tracks built in the world because of the difficulties funding their operation.[25] The 2018 proposals were shelved, but a renewed Oslo bid process for the 2022 Olympics also calls for the use of Lillehammer.[26]

Track records

The following is an incomplete list of track records; while including luge and women's skeleton, it excludes bobsleigh and men's skeleton. The list contains both start times and track times, as well, as the athlete and their nationality, and the date of the record.

Track records

Sport	Record	Athlete(s)	Nation	Date	Time	Ref
Luge – men's singles	Start	Johannes Ludwig	Germany	13 December 2009	4.366	[27]
Luge – men's singles	Track	Dominik Fischnaller	Italy	17 November 2013	49.172	[27]
Luge – women's singles	Start	Tatjana Hüfner	Germany	13 December 2009	2.324	[27]
Luge – women's singles	Track	Gabriele Kohlisch	Germany	4 February 1995	47.883	[27]
Luge – men's doubles	Start	Tobias Wendl, Tobias Arlt	Germany	12 December 2009	2.273	[27]
Luge – men's doubles	Track	Tobias Wendl, Tobias Arlt	Germany	16 November 2013	47.655	[27]
Skeleton – women's	Start	Donna Creighton	United Kingdom	8 December 2011	5.15	[28]
Skeleton – women's	Track	Eleanor Furneaux	United Kingdom	11 November 2017	53.90	[29]

References

Bibliography

• Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee. "1994 Winter Olympics Report, volume II" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
• Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee. "1994 Winter Olympics Report, volume III" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
• Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee. "1994 Winter Olympics Report, volume IV" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
• Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952). Olympic Winter Games Oslo 1952 (PDF). Oslo. Archived from the original (pdf) on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2012.

Notes

1. Bugge, Mette (23 September 1988). "Akerne på bar bakke". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 16.
2. Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952): 40
3. "OL på Lillehammer 1994 – Stor seier for liten by". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 16 September 1988. p. 13.
4. Larsen, Gunnar Tore (3 May 1989). "Lillehammer-OL ikke efter planen?". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 36.
5. Johansen, Magne (6 February 1990). "Oslo overtar OL-aking?". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 6.
6. "OLs bob- og akebane ferdig på rekordtid" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 31 October 1991.
7. LOOC (III): 37
8. "Fem anbud på akeanlegg". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 19 February 1991. p. 4.
9. "OL-kontrakt". Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). 18 July 1991. p. 4.
10. Gravdal, Gunn (21 September 1990). "– Endelig i gang!". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 26.
11. "Ikke aktuelt å flytte aking og bob til Albertville" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 12 January 1991.
12. Herefoss, Knut (22 March 1991). "Får kjeft av Ap-kolleger". Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). p. 36.
13. Danbolt, Marte (4 February 2004). "På huet i 120 langs islagt betong". Kommunal Rapport (in Norwegian).
14. LOOC (III): 41
15. LOOK (IV): 67
16. LOOK (IV): 68
17. LOOK (IV): 97
18. "Lillehammer (Norway)". International Luge Federation. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
19. LOOK (IV): 99
20. LOOK (IV): 69
21. "Skeleton Men: World Championships 1995 at Lillehammer (nor)". Sport123. International Luge Federation. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
22. "World Championships since 1955" (PDF). International Luge Federation. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
23. Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports. "Candidate city for the Winter Youth Olympic Games: Lillehammer 2016" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
24. Sørumshagen, Øyvind (19 February 2008). "Vraket Norefjell - mistet OL". Bygdeposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
25. Vassbotten, Kjell (9 February 2007). "OL på Lillehammer – uansett stedsvalg". Gudbrandsdølen Dagningen (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
26. Hofoss, Espen (1 March 2012). "Slik kan Oslo-OL i 2022 bli". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
27. "Viessmann World Cup Lillehammer (NOR), Season 2009/2010". International Luge Federation. 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
28. "Lizzy First in Lillehammer ICC Race". British Skeleton. 8 December 2011. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
29. "Europa Cup Results". International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation. 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.