Leucothrinax

Leucothrinax morrisii, the Key thatch palm,[2] is a small palm which is native to the Greater Antilles, northern Lesser Antilles, The Bahamas and the Florida Keys. Until 2008 it was known as Thrinax morrisii. It was split from the genus Thrinax after phylogenetic studies showed that its inclusion in Thrinax would render that genus paraphyletic. The generic name combines leuco (in reference to the whitish colour of its flowering stalks and the undersides of its leaves)[3] with thrinax.

Key thatch palm
Leucothrinax morrisii in the Florida Keys. Photo by Carl E. Lewis.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Arecales
Family:	Arecaceae
Subfamily:	Coryphoideae
Tribe:	Cryosophileae
Genus:	Leucothrinax C.Lewis & Zona
Species:	L. morrisii
Binomial name
Leucothrinax morrisii (H.Wendl.) C.Lewis & Zona
Synonyms[1]
Thrinax morrisii H.Wendl. Thrinax havanensis nom. nud. Thrinax microcarpa Sarg. Thrinax keyensis Sarg. Thrinax ponceana O.F.Cook Thrinax praeceps O.F.Cook Thrinax bahamensis O.F.Cook Thrinax drudei Becc. Thrinax punctulata Becc. Thrinax ekmanii Burret Simpsonia microcarpa (Sarg.) O.F.Cook

Common names

Leucothrinax morrisii is known as the "Key thatch palm" or the "brittle thatch palm" in the United States.[4] In Anguilla it is called the "broom palm" or "buffalo-top", in The Bahamas, miraguano in Cuba and palma de escoba in Puerto Rico.[5] Other common names include "small-fruited thatch palm", yaray, pandereta, palma de petate, palma de cogollo, guano de sierra, and palmita.[4]

Description

Leucothrinax morrisii is a palmate-leaved palm with solitary brown or grey stems[4] 1–11 metres (3–36 ft) tall and 5–35 centimetres (2–14 in) in diameter.[5] Leaves are pale blue-green or yellow-green,[4] whitish on the undersides.[3] Petioles are 27–84 cm (0.9–2.8 ft) long with split petioles. The leaflets are 33–75 cm (1.1–2.5 ft) long and 2.3–4.8 cm (1–2 in) wide. The inflorescences extend beyond the leaves and are 55–100 cm (1.8–3.3 ft) long. The fruit are white, and turn yellow as they mature.[4]

Taxonomy

Cryosophileae     Trithrinax         Itaya     Sabinaria         Chelyocarpus       Cryosophila         Schippia       Thrinax       Leucothrinax     Hemithrinax             Zombia     Coccothrinax

Simplified phylogeny of the Cryosophileae based on four nuclear genes and the matK plastid gene.[6]

Leucothrinax is a monotypic genus—it includes only one species, L. morrisii. The species was originally described by German botanist Hermann Wendland, who placed it in the genus Thrinax.

In the first edition of Genera Palmarum (1987), Natalie Uhl and John Dransfield placed the genus Thrinax in the subfamily Coryphoideae, the tribe Corypheae and the subtribe Thrinacinae[7] using Harold E. Moore's 1973 classification of the palm family.[8] Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed that the Old World and New World members of the Thrinacinae were not closely related. As a consequence of this, Thrinax and related genera were places in their own tribe, Cryosophileae.[9] A study of the phylogenetic relationships among Caribbean palms showed that the species then known as Thrinax morrisii was most closely related to Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax and Zombia, with the remainder of the genus Thinax being a sister group to this clade.[10] Since the continued inclusion of this genus would render Thrinax paraphyletic, it was split off into a new genus, Leucothrinax.[11][12]

Distribution

Leucothrinax morrisii is native to the Florida Keys, Trinidad and Tobago, the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico,[1] Navassa Island,[13] Anguilla and Barbuda.[5]

It is found in dry, deciduous forests and scrub and coastal areas.[5] In the Florida Keys it grows at the edge of hardwood hammocks and in pinelands, while in Puerto Rico, it is found on cliffs and on limestone and ultramafic ridges. It can tolerate drought, and frequent salt spray.[4]

Uses

Stems of the plant are used for poles and the leaves are used for thatch and weaving.[5]

References

1. "Leucothrinax morrisii". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
2. "Thrinax morrisii". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
3. "Leucothrinax". Fairchild Guide to Palms. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Archived from the original on 2011-12-07. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
4. Francis, John K. "Thrinax morrisii H. Wendl" (PDF). USDA Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
5. Henderson, Andrew; Galeano, Gloria; Bernal, Rodrigo (1995). Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08537-1.
6. Cano, Ángela; Bacon, Christine D.; Stauffer, Fred W.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Serrano‐Serrano, Martha L.; Perret, Mathieu (2018). "The roles of dispersal and mass extinction in shaping palm diversity across the Caribbean". Journal of Biogeography. 45 (6): 1432–1443. doi:10.1111/jbi.13225. ISSN 1365-2699.
7. Uhl, Natalie E.; John Dransfield (1987). Genera Palmarum: a classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore Jr. Lawrence, Kansas: The L. H. Bailey Hortorium and the International Palm Society.
8. Moore, H.E. (1973). "The Major Groups of Palms and Their Distribution". Gentes Herbarum. 11: 27–140.
9. Dransfield, John; Natalie W. Uhl; Conny B. Asmussen; William J. Baker; Madeline M. Harley; Carl E. Lewis (2005). "A New Phylogenetic Classification of the Palm Family, Arecaceae". Kew Bulletin. 60 (4): 559–69. JSTOR 25070242.
10. Roncal, Julissa; Scott Zona; Carl E. Lewis (2008). "Molecular Phylogenetic Studies of Caribbean Palms (Arecaceae) and Their Relationships to Biogeography and Conservation". Botanical Review. 74 (1): 78–102. doi:10.1007/s12229-008-9005-9. S2CID 40119059.
11. Lewis, Carl E.; Scott Zona (2008). "Leucothrinax morrisii, a new name for a familiar Caribbean palm". Palms. 52 (2): 84–88.
12. Newspapers, McClatchy (2008-08-20). "Florida palm a new genus, US scientists discover". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
13. Zanoni, Thomas A.; William R. Buck (1999). "Navassa Island and Its Flora. 2. Checklist of the Vascular Plants". Brittonia. 51 (4): 389–394. doi:10.2307/2666520. JSTOR 2666520. S2CID 20049038.