Leiognathidae

Leiognathidae, the ponyfishes, slipmouths or slimys / slimies, are a small family of fishes in the order Perciformes.[3] They inhabit marine and brackish waters in the Indian and West Pacific Oceans. They can be used in the preparation of bagoong.

Leiognathidae
Temporal range: 56–0 Ma Eocene to Present[1]
Eubleekeria splendens
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Suborder: Percoidei
Family: Leiognathidae
T. N. Gill, 1893[2]
Genera

see text

Characteristics

Ponyfishes are small and laterally compressed in shape, with a bland, silvery colouration. They are distinguished by highly extensible mouths, and the presence of a mechanism for locking the spines in the dorsal and anal fins. They also possess a highly integrated light organ in their throats that houses symbiotic bioluminescent bacteria that project light through the animal's underside.[4][5][6] Typically, the harbored bacterium is only Photobacterium leiognathi, but in the two ponyfish species Photopectoralis panayensis and Photopectoralis bindus, Photobacterium mandapamensis is also present.[7] Two of the most widely studied uses for luminescence in ponyfish are camouflage by ventral counterillumination[8][9] and species-specific sexual dimorphism.[5][6][10][11]

Although ponyfish seem quite ordinary and morphologically similar, their light organ systems are highly variable across species and often between sexes.[10][11]

Taxonomy

Leiognathidae is classified within the suborder Percoideiby the 5th edition of Fishes of the World, but they are placed in an unnamed clade which sits outside the superfamily Percoidea. This clade contains 7 families which appear to have some relationship to Acanthuroidei, Monodactylidae, and Priacanthidae.[12] Other authorities have paced the family in the order Chaetodontiformes alongside the family Chaetodontidae.[13]

Timeline of genera
QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLeiognathusGazza (fish)QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleocene

Genera

The following genera are classified within the Leiognathidae:[3][14]

References
  1. Sepkoski, J. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23.
  2. Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230.
  3. Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2015). "Leiognathidae" in FishBase. February 2015 version.
  4. Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
  5. Haneda, Y.; Tsuji, F.I. (1976). "Luminescent systems of pony fishes". Journal of Morphology. 150 (2): 539–552. doi:10.1002/jmor.1976.150.2.539.
  6. McFall-Ngai, M.J.; Dunlap, P.V. (1984). "External and internal sexual dimorphism in leiognathid fishes: Morphological evidence for sex-specific bioluminescent signaling". Journal of Morphology. 182 (1): 71–83. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051820105. ISSN 1097-4687. PMID 6492170.
  7. Kaeding, A.J.; Ast, J.C.; Pearce, M.M.; Urbanczyk, H.; Kimura, S.; Endo, H.; Nakamura, M.; Dunlap, P.V. (2007). "Phylogenetic Diversity and Cosymbiosis in the Bioluminescent Symbioses of "Photobacterium mandapamensis"". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73 (10): 3173–3182. doi:10.1128/AEM.02212-06. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 1907103. PMID 17369329.
  8. Hastings, J.W. (1971). "Light to Hide by: Ventral Luminescence to Camouflage the Silhouette". Science. 173 (4001): 1016–1017. doi:10.1126/science.173.4001.1016. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17796582.
  9. McFall-Ngai, M.J.; Morin, J.G. (1991). "Camouflage by Disruptive Illumination in Leiognathids, a Family of Shallow-Water, Bioluminescent Fishes". Journal of Experimental Biology. 156 (1): 119–137. ISSN 0022-0949.
  10. Sparks, J.S.; Dunlap, P.V.; Smith, W.L. (2005). "Evolution and diversification of a sexually dimorphic luminescent system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), including diagnoses for two new genera" (PDF). Cladistics. 21 (4): 305–327. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00067.x. hdl:2027.42/72092. ISSN 1096-0031.
  11. Chakrabarty, P.; Davis, M.P.; Smith, W.L.; Berquist, R.; Gledhill, K.M.; Frank, L.R.; Sparks, J.S. (2011). "Evolution of the light organ system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae)". Journal of Morphology. 272 (6): 704–721. doi:10.1002/jmor.10941. ISSN 1097-4687. PMID 21433053.
  12. J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 453. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  13. R. Betancur-Rodriguez; E. Wiley; N. Bailly; A. Acero; M. Miya; G. Lecointre; G. Ortí (2017). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes – Version 4". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162). doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3.
  14. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Leiognathidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  15. Sparks, J.S.; Chakrabarty, P. (2015). "Description of a new genus of ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with a review of the current generic-level composition of the family". Zootaxa. 3947 (2): 181–190. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.2. PMID 25947728.
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