Lachine Canal

The Lachine Canal (canal de Lachine in French) is a canal passing through the southwestern part of the Island of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, running 14.5 kilometres from the Old Port of Montreal to Lake Saint-Louis, through the boroughs of Lachine, Lasalle and Sud-Ouest. Before the canal construction there was a lake, Lac St Pierre.[3] The lake and its rivers can be seen on the maps of Montreal of the years 1700, 1744 and on the map titled "The isles of Montreal. As they have been surveyed by the French engineers" (1761).

Map of Montreal, 1700
Lachine Canal
The canal's path through Montreal's boroughs
Specifications
Locks5
(originally 7[1])
Original number of locks7[2]
Maximum height above sea level65 ft (20 m)
Navigation authorityParks Canada
History
Original ownerCompany of the Proprietors of the Lachine Canal
Principal engineerThomas Burnett
Construction beganJuly 17, 1821
Date of first use1825
Date completedAugust 24, 1824
Date extended1843–1848, 1873–1885
Date closed1970
Date restored2002
Geography
Start pointOld Port of Montreal
End pointLachine Lock

The canal gets its name from the French word for China (la Chine). The European explorers sought to find a route from New France to the Western Sea, and from there to China[4] and hence auspiciously the region where the canal was built was named Lachine.

Due to the continuous disposal of industrial waste, the canal contains harmful substances,[5] though the water quality is said to be good.[6]

History
View of the canal in 1850
The Lachine Canal in 1920

The canal is situated on land originally granted by the King of France to the Sulpician Order. Beginning in 1689, attempts were made by the French Colonial government and several other groups to build a canal that would allow ships to bypass the treacherous Lachine Rapids.[7]

After more than 130 years of failure, a consortium that included the young Scottish immigrant John Redpath was successful. John Richardson was Chairman of the Committee of Management of the canal project and its chief engineer was Thomas Brunett. The contractors were Thomas McKay and John Redpath, plus the firms of Thomas Phillips & Andrew White and Abner Bagg & Oliver Wait.[8]

The Lachine Canal was built to bypass the rapids at Lachine, upstream of Montreal. Freight and passengers destined for points past Lachine had to portage the 8 or 9 miles from Montreal's port to the village of Lachine where they could resume their trip by boat.[9]:7–8

Work on the canal commenced on July 17, 1821 under Chief Engineer Thomas Burnett and Construction Engineer John Richardson. The original canal was 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) long and had seven locks, each 30 metres (98 ft) long, 6 metres (20 ft) wide and 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) deep.[10] The new canal officially opened in 1825, helping turn Montreal into a major port and eventually attracting industry to its banks when the Society of Sulpician Order decided to sell lots.

During the 1840s, the Lachine Canal was deepened to allow heavier ships to pass through and hydraulic power was introduced to the industries located on its banks.[11]:5 Through the enlargement of the canal, its use changed from solely a means of avoiding the Lachine rapids to that of an industrial region within Montreal. There were two major effects on the development of Montreal due to the enlargement of the Lachine Canal. The first was that by creating a route that bypassed the Lachine rapids and therefore opened the upper St Lawrence River to navigation, Montreal became a more convenient area for trade, effectively taking away shipping traffic from Quebec City and moving it to Montreal.[12]

Lachine Locks

The second important shift that can be noted through the growth and development of the canal is the creation of industrial suburbs.[13] Before the Lachine Canal, Montreal's industrial region was located in what would be considered the downtown area.[12]

A soldier guarding the canal during wartime in 1939
Doors opening a lock. Lachine Canal, August 7, 1948.

The impact of the Lachine Canal on Montreal during the mid- to late 19th century can be seen through the emergence of new working-class neighbourhoods such as Griffintown, St Henri, Pointe St Charles.[14] Furthermore, the population of Montreal grew by over four times between the middle of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.[15]

One of the main reasons behind the growth of the Lachine Canal region was the access to hydraulic power which was provided through the deepening of canal in the 1840s.[11]:7 Throughout the mid to late 19th century, industries all along the banks of canal experienced consistent growth through the access to this energy source. By the end of the 19th century, factories began to utilize steam powered factories as opposed to hydraulic power.[11]:7

The top three manufacturing industries in Montreal were wood, iron, and steel. In 1871 these three sectors made up 60% of the total Canadian manufacturing production. Other industries that had factories along the canal were the leather industries and the garment industries, which apart from the leather industry all increased.[9]:11

As wood was on the decline and industries were growing at a much faster pace, iron and steel were still the dominant industries. By World War II, industries needed more water to power their machines, and the hydraulic system was not providing enough power. Many of the factories needed another source of power. The new source of power came from coal. With the Grand Trunk Railway on hand at Point St. Charles, industries were able to import coal from many different sources. They were able to import coal from Nova Scotia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and across the ocean from Great Britain. The Lachine Canal was extremely busy acting as a hub for the city of Montreal.[9]:13

Although this switch did not initially affect the Lachine Canal region in a negative manner, factories were no longer dependent on the canal as an energy source. Industries now had the option of building further and further away from the canal itself, which was also helped by the development of a railway system throughout Montreal's industrial region.[16]

However, while the Lachine Canal proved an enormous boon for Montreal and the Province of Quebec, time would show that for Canada's Maritime Provinces, it was the first major nail in that region's economic coffin. The first enlargements took place between 1843 and 1848, under the supervision of Alfred Barrett. Five new locks, each 61 metres (200 ft) long, 13.5 metres (44 ft) wide and 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) deep replaced the original seven locks. A second enlargement of the canal took place between 1873 and 1885, at which time the locks were lengthened to 82 metres (269 ft) and deepened to 4.3 metres (14 ft).

The main reason for the second enlargement came from complaints from industrialists who wanted more power generated from the canal. They complained about the speed of the current being too slow. The second enlargement was meant to fix these problems.[9]:8–9

Soon after the opening of the Lachine Canal in 1825, many of Montreal's merchants convinced the city's government to set up a harbour commission. One of the presidents of the harbour commission was John Young. Under Young's orders the canal was deepened so that the canal would be able to have bigger boats pass through.[9]:11

Railway transportation proved to be very important for Montreal. The Grand Trunk Railway had its workshop in Point. St. Charles. This proved to be very important for the Lachine Canal because its workshop in Point St. Charles provided a link to the Atlantic during the winter months. It was the door to the rest of the Grand Trunk railway line that went from Toronto to Maine. Because the Lachine Canal was the link between the ocean and the interior of Canada and America, it was a major centre for transportation.[9]:11

The canal continued to operate successfully until around 1950, but then, surrounded by the industrial developments which it helped to create, it could not be expanded further to cope with the continuing increase in vessel size. The canal became obsolete in the second half of the 20th century, being replaced by the St. Lawrence Seaway, which opened in 1959. The canal was finally closed to shipping in 1970. The opening of the Seaway and the decline of shipping on the canal led to the devastation of the neighbourhoods that lined the canal in Montreal's Le Sud-Ouest borough due to shifting patterns of industrial development and shipping.

The lower section of the Lachine canal was entirely filled in between 1965 and 1967 and closed to commercial navigation in 1970 (reopened to boating in 2002).[17]

Current canal

The current canal has a guaranteed draught of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) and the clearance under bridges is 2.43 metres (8 ft 0 in).[18]

Locks
Close up view of locks

Since 1848, the canal has had 5 locks: Lachine, Côte-Saint-Paul, Saint-Gabriel and 2 locks at Old Port of Montreal. But initially it had seven locks:

  • Lachine (1 lock),
  • Côte-Saint-Paul (2 locks in 1825, 1 since 1848)
  • Saint-Gabriel (1 lock)
  • Old Port of Montreal (3 locks in 1825, 2 since 1848).

Lachine Canal National Historic Site

The canal has been designated as a National Historic Site of Canada, officially named the Lachine Canal National Historic Site of Canada.[19][20] The Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site is located near the western end of the canal.

Lachine Visitor Services Centre

The Lachine Visitor Services Centre is located at the entrance to the canal on Lake Saint-Louis in Lachine, Quebec. The centre features exhibits about the building and widening of the canal, and offers information about the canal and guided tours. There is also a gift shop, lookout terraces, and an outdoor interpretation trail. The centre is open seasonally.

Development
Tugboat Daniel McAllister, with grain elevators behind, Lachine Canal.
A bridge over the Lachine Canal, in sight of downtown Montreal
Lachine Canal
Two people skate on the frozen canal. (January 2011).

At its zenith from 1880 to 1940, the industrial and manufacturing area adjacent to the canal was once the largest in Canada in terms of both the number of firms and diversity of its output. At one time, over 20% of the workforce of the Island of Montreal was employed in its factories. Given its historic importance, the "Lachine Canal Manufacturing Complex" was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1996, in addition to the designation already enjoyed by the canal itself.[21][22]

The Lachine Canal fell victim to deindustrialization. Many of the factories that lined the Lachine Canal were torn down and replaced by houses and apartments. By 1990 there was the feeling that the area's industrial history was being forgotten. In response, the Historic Sites and Monuments Board named the Lachine Canal "Lachine Canal Manufacturing Complex". The area was renovated after Parks Canada took over the Administration.[23]

Atwater Market was built as a public works project during the depression era. The site was originally the William Rutherford lumberyard. The building has served many purposes, but it has been a market since 1982.[24]

Over the last two decades, the canal has seen a large increase in residential and commercial development. In what was originally a very heavy industrial neighbourhood, Pointe-Saint-Charles and Saint-Henri have become very up and coming districts. House values have skyrocketed and many real estate developers have turned the century-old industrial factories and warehouses, like that of Dominion Textiles (5524 Saint-Patrick, now Complexe Dompark) & Simmons Bedding Company (4710 St-Ambroise, now Complexe Canal Lachine) into prestigious loft buildings. Complexe Dompark recently celebrated its 100th anniversary and now houses more than 90 multimedia, fashion, publishing and service industry-based companies in custom designed lofts. The area around the Atwater Market has become one of Montreal's most desirable residential areas for condo owners. Much of this is thanks to the continued effort to clean up the Canal.

The old Redpath Sugar refinery at St-Patrick and Montmorency is now partially Lofts Redpath, converted after being abandoned since 1980.

Recreation

In 2002, the Lachine Canal was reopened as a pleasure boating area, despite environmental concerns about heavy industrial contamination of its bottom, and the banks of the canal were redeveloped. An environmental reclamation project continues to clean up old oil spills. The banks of the canal offer bicycling and roller blading. Parks Canada offers guided tours of the canal by foot, bicycle, and boat during the summer months.

The Lachine Canal became unproductive when the St. Lawrence Seaway opened up. The last of the industries still using the Canal system ended in 1970. The Canal reopened but now as a place of leisure and pleasure. In 2002 leisure boats were now able to dock in the canal. In 1977 a bike path was created that ran along the entire canal. In 2009, the Lachine Canal bike path placed third on Time Magazine's list of the top 10 urban bike paths in the world.[25][26]

Crossings
The Gauron Bridge, a single-leaf bascule bridge built in 1912

From east (harbor) to west (Lac Saint-Louis):

Monk Boulevard Bridge
  • Avenue Atwater (tunnel)
  • Canadian National (railway main line)
  • Rue Beaudoin (pedestrian)
  • Rue Saint Rémi (tunnel)
  • Autoroute 15/Autoroute 20
  • Côte Saint Paul (pedestrian/cycle)
  • Boulevard Monk
  • Halte Notre-Dame park (pedestrian)
  • Boulevard Angrignon
  • Rue Senkus (pedestrian)
  • Pont Lafleur and Pont Gauron (adjacent; carrying Avenue Dollard/Boulevard Saint Pierre)
  • Route 138
  • Canadian Pacific/ Rockfield Bridge (railway main line)
  • Chemin du Musée
  • Chemin des Iroquois (crosses one lock only)

See also

References
  1. Parks Canada Archived 2007-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
  2. Parks Canada Archived 2007-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
  3. Joseph Bouchette. The British Dominions in North America (1831), books.google.ca; accessed April 1, 2017.
  4. The Lachine Canal, Alain Gelly (1958), p. 9; retrieved December 31, 2008.
  5. Publications, bape.gouv.qc.ca; accessed April 1, 2017.
  6. "Canal Lachine: une seule ombre au chapitre de la pollution" (in French). Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  7. The city and the St. Lawrence - analysis of development issues and potential, pg. 9
  8. "ASSIGNMENT # 4: LACHINE CANAL TO SAINT-HENRI". Urban Revitalization in Montreal: Field Trip Manual (PDF). Institute of Urban Studies, University of Winnipeg. 2005-05-09. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
  9. Desloges, Yvon (2003). "Behind the Scene of the Lachine Canal Landscape". IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 29 (1): 7–20. JSTOR 40968609.
  10. Mussio, Laurence B (2017). "First bank". Canada's History. 97 (5): 42–46. ISSN 1920-9894.
  11. Bliek, Desmond; Gauthier, Pierre (2006). "Understanding the Built Form of Industrialization Along the Lachine Canal". Urban History Review. 35 (1): 3–17. doi:10.7202/1015990ar. JSTOR 43560187.
  12. Robert D. Lewis, "The Development of an early Suburban Industrial District: The Montreal Ward of Saint-Ann, 1851-71", History210 Coursepack, ed. Marry Anne Poutanen (Montreal: Concordia University Press, 2009), pg. 217
  13. Robert D. Lewis, "The Development of an early Suburban Industrial District: The Montreal Ward of Saint-Ann, 1851-71" in History210 Coursepack, ed. Marry Anne Poutanen (Montreal: Concordia University Press, 2009), 217
  14. Desmond Bliek, "Mobilising Urban Heritage to Counter the Commodification of Borwnfield Landscapes: Lesson's from Montreal’s Lachine Canal" Canadian Journal of Urban Research (2007), 45
  15. Jean Hamelin and Yves Roby. "Histoire Économique et Sociale du Québec 1851-1896", Centre de Recherche en Histoire Économique du Canada Français (1971), pg. 292
  16. Desmond Bliek, "Mobilising Urban Heritage to Counter the Commodification of Borwnfield Landscapes: Lesson’s from Montreal’s Lachine Canal" Canadian Journal of Urban Research (2007), pg. 4
  17. The Lachine Canal and its Industrial Corridor, ameriquefrancaise.org; accessed April 1, 2017.
  18. "Canal". Archived from the original on 2006-07-12. Retrieved 2006-07-12.
  19. "Lachine Canal National Historic Site of Canada". Directory of Federal Heritage Designations. Parks Canada. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  20. Lachine Canal. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  21. "Lachine Canal Manufacturing Complex National Historic Site of Canada". Directory of Federal Heritage Designations. Parks Canada. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  22. Desloges, Yvon; Gelly, Alain (2002). The Lachine Canal: Riding the Waves of Urban Development 1860-1950. Montreal: Les éditions du Septentrion. pp. 111, 210–11. ISBN 2-89448-331-7.
  23. University, Concordia (2013). Walking the Post-Industrial Lachine Canal. Montreal: Montreal: Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling. ISBN 978-2-9813949-0-3.
  24. University, Concordia (2013). Walking the Post-Industrial Lachine Cana. Montreal: Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling. ISBN 978-2-9813949-0-3.
  25. University, Concordia (2013). Walking the Post-Industrial Lachine Cana. Montreal: Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling. ISBN 978-2-9813949-0-3.
  26. Bland, Elizabeth. "Top 10 Urban Biking Trips". Montreal - Top 10 Urban Biking Trips - TIME. TIME Magazine. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2016.

Further reading

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