Keighley (UK Parliament constituency)
Keighley /ˈkiːθli/ (listen) is a constituency in West Yorkshire[n 1] created in 1885 represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament[n 2] since 2019 by Robbie Moore of the Conservative Party.
Keighley | |
---|---|
County constituency for the House of Commons | |
Boundary of Keighley in West Yorkshire | |
Location of West Yorkshire within England | |
County | West Yorkshire |
Electorate | 73,384 (December 2019)[1] |
Major settlements | Keighley, Ilkley |
Current constituency | |
Created | 1885 |
Member of Parliament | Robbie Moore (Conservative) |
Number of members | One |
Created from | Northern West Riding of Yorkshire |
Since 1959, the seat has been a bellwether (its winner affiliated to the winning party nationally), with two exceptions: in 1979 and 2017, the seat leant to the left, bucking the national result.
Keighley is one of 11 seats won (held or gained) by a Conservative candidate in 2019 from a total of 22 covering its county. Moore's 2019 win was one of 47 net gains by the Conservative Party.
The seat has been considered – relative to others – a marginal seat, as well as a swing seat, since 2005, as its winner's majority has not exceeded 6.2% of the vote since the 10.5% majority won in 2005, and the seat has changed hands three times since that year.
Boundaries
1885–1918: The parishes in the Wapentake of Staincliffe and Ewecross of Cowling, Glusburn, Keighley, Steeton with Eastburn, and Sutton, and the parishes of Haworth, Thornton, and Wilsden.
1918–1950: The Borough of Keighley, the Urban Districts of Denholme, Haworth, Oakworth, Oxenhope, and Silsden, and the Rural District of Keighley.
1950–1983: The Borough of Keighley, the Urban Districts of Denholme and Silsden, and in the Rural District of Skipton the parishes of Steeton with Eastburn, and Sutton.
1983–2010: The City of Bradford wards of Craven, Ilkley, Keighley North, Keighley South, Keighley West, and Worth Valley.
2010–present: The City of Bradford wards of Craven, Ilkley, Keighley Central, Keighley East, Keighley West, and Worth Valley. The constituency boundaries remained unchanged.
Unlike many constituencies, Keighley was unaffected by the boundary changes for the 2010 general election; indeed its boundaries have remained unchanged since the 1983 redistribution.
Constituency profile
This constituency covers the town and outskirts of Keighley in West Yorkshire. It comprises the mostly Labour voting area of Keighley itself, the Conservative voting spa town of Ilkley, and the rural areas of Craven and Worth Valley which are also mostly Conservative voting. The seat has a large minority with Asian heritage, especially from Pakistan and Bangladesh.[2] The seat is also a semi-reliable bellwether of the national result; it has voted for the party to form the government in every election since the Second World War except the 1951, 1955, 1979 and 2017 elections, in which it elected Labour MPs despite the Conservatives forming the government. The constituency is often known as Keighley & Ilkley rather than just Keighley.
Members of Parliament
Since the 1950s, Keighley has been a marginal seat between Labour and the Conservatives. The MP from 1997 was Labour's Ann Cryer, widow of Bob Cryer who was MP for the same seat from 1974–1983 (and then for Bradford South, 1987–1994). She retired at the 2010 general election.
Elections
Elections in the 2010s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Robbie Moore | 25,298 | 48.1 | +2.0 | |
Labour | John Grogan | 23,080 | 43.9 | -2.6 | |
Liberal Democrats | Tom Franks | 2,573 | 4.9 | +2.5 | |
Brexit Party | Waqas Khan | 850 | 1.6 | N/A | |
Yorkshire | Mark Barton | 667 | 1.3 | N/A | |
SDP | Matthew Rose | 132 | 0.3 | N/A | |
Majority | 2,218 | 4.2 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 52,600 | 72.3 | -0.1 | ||
Conservative gain from Labour | Swing | +2.3 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | John Grogan | 24,056 | 46.5 | +8.4 | |
Conservative | Kris Hopkins | 23,817 | 46.1 | +1.7 | |
UKIP | Paul Latham | 1,291 | 2.5 | -9.0 | |
Liberal Democrats | Matt Walker | 1,226 | 2.4 | -0.3 | |
Green | Ros Brown | 790 | 1.5 | -1.9 | |
Independent | David Crabtree | 534 | 1.0 | N/A | |
Majority | 239 | 0.4 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 51,714 | 72.4 | +1.1 | ||
Labour gain from Conservative | Swing | +3.3 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Kris Hopkins | 21,766 | 44.3 | +2.4 | |
Labour | John Grogan | 18,713 | 38.1 | +2.3 | |
UKIP | Paul Latham | 5,662 | 11.5 | +8.4 | |
Green | Ros Brown | 1,661 | 3.4 | N/A | |
Liberal Democrats | Gareth Epps | 1,321 | 2.7 | −12.1 | |
Majority | 3,053 | 6.2 | 0.0 | ||
Turnout | 49,123 | 71.3 | -1.1 | ||
Conservative hold | Swing | 0.0 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Kris Hopkins | 20,003 | 41.9 | +7.7 | |
Labour | Jane Thomas | 17,063 | 35.8 | −9.0 | |
Liberal Democrats | Nader Fekri | 7,059 | 14.8 | +3.0 | |
BNP | Andrew Brons | 1,962 | 4.1 | −5.1 | |
UKIP | Paul Latham | 1,470 | 3.1 | N/A | |
National Front | Steven Smith | 135 | 0.3 | N/A | |
Majority | 2,940 | 6.2 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 47,962 | 72.4 | +3.2 | ||
Conservative gain from Labour | Swing | +8.3 | |||
Elections in the 2000s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ann Cryer | 20,720 | 44.7 | −3.5 | |
Conservative | Karl Poulsen | 15,868 | 34.3 | −4.7 | |
Liberal Democrats | Nader Fekri | 5,484 | 11.8 | +0.9 | |
BNP | Nick Griffin | 4,240 | 9.2 | N/A | |
Majority | 4,852 | 10.5 | +1.3 | ||
Turnout | 46,312 | 67.9 | +4.5 | ||
Labour hold | Swing | +0.6 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ann Cryer | 20,888 | 48.2 | −2.4 | |
Conservative | Simon Cooke | 16,883 | 39.0 | +2.2 | |
Liberal Democrats | Mike Doyle | 4,722 | 10.9 | +1.1 | |
UKIP | Michael Cassidy | 840 | 1.9 | N/A | |
Majority | 4,005 | 9.2 | |||
Turnout | 43,333 | 63.4 | −13.2 | ||
Labour hold | Swing | −2.3 |
Elections in the 1990s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ann Cryer | 26,039 | 50.6 | +9.8 | |
Conservative | Gary Waller | 18,907 | 36.7 | −10.7 | |
Liberal Democrats | Mike Doyle | 5,064 | 9.8 | −0.8 | |
Referendum | Colin Carpenter | 1,470 | 2.9 | N/A | |
Majority | 7,132 | 13.8 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 50,010 | 76.6 | -6.0 | ||
Labour gain from Conservative | Swing | +10.2 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Gary Waller | 25,983 | 47.4 | +1.7 | |
Labour | Tommy B. Flanagan | 22,387 | 40.8 | +5.8 | |
Liberal Democrats | Ian N. Simpson | 5,793 | 10.6 | −8.7 | |
Green | Mike Crowson | 642 | 1.2 | +1.2 | |
Majority | 3,596 | 6.6 | −4.2 | ||
Turnout | 54,805 | 82.6 | +3.2 | ||
Conservative hold | Swing | −2.1 |
Elections in the 1980s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Gary Waller | 23,903 | 45.8 | ||
Labour | Alan Rye | 18,297 | 35.0 | ||
Liberal | John Wells | 10,041 | 19.2 | ||
Majority | 5,606 | 10.7 | |||
Turnout | 52,243 | 79.4 | |||
Conservative hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Gary Waller | 21,370 | 42.6 | ||
Labour | Bob Cryer | 18,596 | 37.0 | ||
Liberal | John Wells | 9,951 | 19.82 | ||
Ecology | Michael Penney | 302 | 0.60 | ||
Majority | 2,774 | 5.52 | |||
Turnout | 50,216 | 78.86 | |||
Conservative gain from Labour | Swing | ||||
Elections in the 1970s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Bob Cryer | 19,698 | 44.95 | 0.63 | |
Conservative | G. Dawson | 19,620 | 44.77 | 6.37 | |
Liberal | Margaretta Holmstedt | 4,062 | 9.27 | 4.33 | |
National Front | R. L. Fairey | 234 | 0.53 | 1.47 | |
Ecology | J. Wade | 208 | 0.47 | N/A | |
Majority | 78 | 0.18 | -7.00 | ||
Turnout | 43,819 | 80.51 | -2.47 | ||
Labour hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Bob Cryer | 19,569 | 45.58 | ||
Conservative | Cyril Taylor | 16,488 | 38.40 | ||
Liberal | Margaretta Holmstedt | 5,839 | 13.60 | ||
National Front | G. Wright | 859 | 2.00 | ||
More Prosperous Britain | C. W. Deakin | 179 | 0.42 | ||
Majority | 3,081 | 7.18 | |||
Turnout | 42,935 | 82.98 | |||
Labour hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Bob Cryer | 18,595 | 41.81 | ||
Conservative | Joan Hall | 17,717 | 39.83 | ||
Liberal | W.K Whittaker | 7,820 | 17.58 | ||
Social Democrat | John Binns | 348 | 0.78 | ||
Majority | 878 | 1.97 | |||
Turnout | 44,480 | 86.79 | |||
Labour gain from Conservative | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Joan Hall | 20,957 | 50.75 | ||
Labour | John Binns | 20,341 | 49.25 | ||
Majority | 616 | 1.50 | |||
Turnout | 41,298 | 80.66 | |||
Conservative gain from Labour | Swing | ||||
Elections in the 1960s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | John Binns | 22,039 | 55.01 | ||
Conservative | John George Bellak | 18,027 | 44.99 | ||
Majority | 4,012 | 10.01 | |||
Turnout | 40,066 | 83.46 | |||
Labour hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | John Binns | 17,816 | 42.97 | ||
Conservative | Marcus Worsley | 15,115 | 36.46 | ||
Liberal | William E. Jones | 8,529 | 20.57 | ||
Majority | 2,701 | 6.51 | |||
Turnout | 30,874 | 61.32 | |||
Labour gain from Conservative | Swing | ||||
Elections in the 1950s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Marcus Worsley | 20,626 | 50.21 | ||
Labour | Charles Hobson | 20,456 | 49.79 | ||
Majority | 170 | 0.41 | |||
Turnout | 41,082 | 85.62 | |||
Conservative gain from Labour | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Charles Hobson | 19,414 | 46.52 | ||
Conservative | Marcus Worsley | 16,011 | 38.36 | ||
Liberal | Ashley Mitchell | 6,310 | 15.12 | ||
Majority | 3,403 | 8.15 | |||
Turnout | 41,735 | 83.89 | |||
Labour hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Charles Hobson | 23,743 | 52.72 | ||
Conservative | Kenneth Hargreaves | 21,295 | 47.28 | ||
Majority | 2,448 | 5.44 | |||
Turnout | 87.51 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Charles Hobson | 21,833 | 48.47 | ||
Conservative | Kenneth Hargreaves | 16,252 | 36.08 | ||
Liberal | John G Walker | 6,962 | 15.45 | ||
Majority | 5,581 | 12.39 | |||
Turnout | 88.13 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing |
Elections in the 1940s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ivor Thomas | 22,222 | 52.7 | ||
Conservative | Henry Dalrymple-White | 10,865 | 25.7 | ||
Liberal | Norman Robson | 9,116 | 21.6 | ||
Majority | 11,357 | 26.9 | |||
Turnout | 82.3 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ivor Thomas | unopposed | n/a | n/a | |
Labour hold | Swing | n/a |
General Election 1939/40:
Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected:
- Labour; Hastings Lees-Smith
- Conservative; Gay Burdett [22]
Elections in the 1930s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Hastings Lees-Smith | 20,124 | 50.5 | ||
Conservative | George Harvie-Watt | 19,756 | 49.5 | ||
Majority | 368 | 0.9 | |||
Turnout | 39,880 | 78.9 | |||
Labour gain from Conservative | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | George Harvie-Watt | 19,079 | 46.2 | ||
Labour | Hastings Lees-Smith | 13,192 | 31.9 | ||
Liberal | William John Crossland Briggs | 9,044 | 21.9 | ||
Majority | 5,887 | 14.2 | |||
Turnout | 41,315 | 83.9 | |||
Conservative gain from Labour | Swing | ||||
Elections in the 1920s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Hastings Lees-Smith | 18,412 | 44.7 | −0.3 | |
Liberal | David Rhodes | 11,905 | 28.9 | +2.3 | |
Unionist | Arthur Smith | 10,858 | 26.4 | −2.0 | |
Majority | 6,507 | 15.8 | −0.8 | ||
Turnout | 41,175 | 84.9 | +2.1 | ||
Registered electors | 48,518 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing | −1.3 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Hastings Lees-Smith | 14,105 | 45.0 | −4.1 | |
Unionist | T P Perks | 8,922 | 28.4 | N/A | |
Liberal | Thomas Artemus Jones | 8,339 | 26.6 | −24.3 | |
Majority | 5,183 | 16.6 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 31,366 | 82.8 | +5.4 | ||
Registered electors | 37,887 | ||||
Labour gain from Liberal | Swing | +10.1 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Robert Pilkington | 14,609 | 50.9 | +20.2 | |
Labour | Hastings Lees-Smith | 14,083 | 49.1 | +2.8 | |
Majority | 526 | 1.8 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 28,692 | 77.4 | −4.2 | ||
Registered electors | 37,060 | ||||
Liberal gain from Labour | Swing | +8.7 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Hastings Lees-Smith | 13,978 | 46.3 | +18.6 | |
Liberal | William Anderton Brigg | 9,262 | 30.7 | −3.0 | |
Unionist | Charles Henry Foulds | 6,955 | 23.0 | −15.6 | |
Majority | 4,716 | 15.6 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 30,195 | 81.6 | +16.2 | ||
Registered electors | 37,005 | ||||
Labour gain from Unionist | Swing | +10.8 | |||
Elections in the 1910s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Unionist | Robert Clough | 8,820 | 38.6 | N/A |
Liberal | William Somervell | 7,709 | 33.7 | N/A | |
Labour | William Bland | 6,324 | 27.7 | N/A | |
Majority | 1,111 | 4.9 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 22,853 | 65.4 | N/A | ||
Registered electors | 34,934 | ||||
Unionist gain from Liberal | Swing | N/A | |||
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government. |
- Results compared to December 1910 election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | William Somervell | 4,873 | 67.5 | N/A | |
Ind. Labour Party | William Bland | 2,349 | 32.5 | N/A | |
Majority | 2,524 | 35.0 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 7,222 | 50.2 | N/A | ||
Registered electors | 14,400 | ||||
Liberal hold | Swing | N/A |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Swire Smith | Unopposed | |||
Liberal hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Stanley Buckmaster | 4,730 | 38.7 | N/A | |
Unionist | Henry Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles | 3,852 | 31.5 | N/A | |
Labour | William Bland | 3,646 | 29.8 | N/A | |
Majority | 878 | 7.2 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 12,228 | 86.5 | N/A | ||
Registered electors | 14,142 | ||||
Liberal hold | Swing | N/A |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Stanley Buckmaster | 4,667 | 39.0 | N/A | |
Conservative | William Mitchell Acworth | 3,842 | 32.1 | N/A | |
Labour | William Crawford Anderson | 3,452 | 28.9 | N/A | |
Majority | 825 | 6.9 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 11,961 | 87.3 | N/A | ||
Registered electors | 13,702 | ||||
Liberal hold | Swing | N/A |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | John Brigg | Unopposed | |||
Liberal hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | John Brigg | 7,768 | 65.3 | +19.6 | |
Conservative | William Mitchell Acworth | 4,132 | 34.7 | +7.0 | |
Majority | 3,636 | 30.6 | +12.6 | ||
Turnout | 11,900 | 89.0 | +0.2 | ||
Registered electors | 13,373 | ||||
Liberal hold | Swing | +6.3 |
Elections in the 1900s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | John Brigg | 5,322 | 45.7 | −7.4 | |
Liberal Unionist | William Mitchell Acworth | 3,229 | 27.7 | −19.2 | |
Independent Labour | W. T. Newlove | 3,102 | 26.6 | N/A | |
Majority | 2,093 | 18.0 | +11.8 | ||
Turnout | 11,653 | 88.8 | +6.8 | ||
Registered electors | 13,125 | ||||
Liberal hold | Swing | +5.9 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | John Brigg | 5,432 | 53.1 | −1.4 | |
Conservative | W. Bairstow | 4,792 | 46.9 | +1.4 | |
Majority | 640 | 6.2 | −2.8 | ||
Turnout | 10,224 | 82.0 | +4.9 | ||
Registered electors | 12,470 | ||||
Liberal hold | Swing | −1.4 |
Elections in the 1890s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | John Brigg | 5,036 | 54.5 | N/A | |
Conservative | Walter Bairstow[24] | 4,196 | 45.5 | N/A | |
Majority | 840 | 9.0 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 9,232 | 77.1 | N/A | ||
Registered electors | 11,977 | ||||
Liberal hold | Swing | N/A |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Isaac Holden | Unopposed | |||
Liberal hold |
Elections in the 1880s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Isaac Holden | Unopposed | |||
Liberal hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Isaac Holden | 5,644 | 66.7 | N/A | |
Conservative | William Henry Carter Dunhill[25] | 2,818 | 33.3 | N/A | |
Majority | 2,826 | 33.4 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 8,462 | 84.0 | N/A | ||
Registered electors | 10,072 | ||||
Liberal win (new seat) |
Notes
- A county constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)
- As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.
References
- "Constituency data: electorates – House of Commons Library". Parliament UK. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- "Check Browser Settings". statistics.gov.uk.
- Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "K" (part 1)
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- "Election Results for Keighley, 12 December 2019". City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
- "Keighley 2019 General Election Results". Electoral Reform Society. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
- "Election results for Keighley". City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council. 9 June 2017.
- "Keighley parliamentary constituency". BBC News. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- "Statement of persons nominated and notice of poll" (PDF). City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
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- http://www.bradford.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/C17655F5-5B9D-407A-8673-C987F20B7183/0/KeighleyStatementofPersonsNominated.pdf
- "UK > England > Yorkshire & the Humber > Keithley". Election 2010. BBC. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
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- "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
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- Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer 24 August 1939
- Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 9781349022984.
- "Representation of Yorkshire". Yorkshire Gazette. 13 July 1895. p. 12. Retrieved 2 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- "Nominations". Cork Constitution. 25 November 1885. p. 3. Retrieved 2 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- Craig, F. W. S. (1983). British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3 ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.