K2-141b

K2-141b (also designated EPIC 246393474.01) is a massive rocky exoplanet orbiting extremely close to an orange main-sequence star K2-141. The planet was first discovered by the Kepler space telescope during its K2 “Second Light” mission and later observed by the HARPS-N spectrograph. It is classified as an Ultra-short Period (USP) and is confirmed to be terrestrial in nature. Its high density implies a massive iron core taking up between 30% and 50% of the planet's total mass.[2]

K2-141b
Discovery
Discovery siteKepler Space Observatory
Discovery date2018
Transit
Orbital characteristics
0.00716 + 0.00055–0.00065 AU (1,071,000 + 82,000–97,000 km)[1]
Eccentricity0[1]
0.2803244 ± 0.0000015 d (24,220.03 ± 0.13 s; 6.727786 ± 3.6×10−5 h)[1]
Inclination86.3 +2.7
−3.6[1]
StarK2-141
Physical characteristics
Mean radius
1.51±0.05[1] R⊕
Mass5.08±0.41[1] M⊕
Mean density
8.2 ± 1.1 g/cm3 (4.74 ± 0.64 oz/cu in)
2.23 +0.35
−0.31 g
Albedo~0.30±0.6
Temperature2,039 K (1,766 °C; 3,211 °F) (equilibrium)[1]
3,000 K (2,730 °C; 4,940 °F) (day side)[2]

    Characteristics

    Mass and radius

    Like the majority of known exoplanets, K2-141b was detected using the transit method, where a planet blocks a tiny fraction of its star's light as it passed between our line of the sight and its host. This method is only able to determine the radius of the planet, not its mass. However, K2-141b was also detected by the radial velocity method using the HARPS-N spectrograph. Therefore, its mass could also be determined along with its radius. The planet is classified as a Super-Earth, being significantly larger and more massive than Earth but not as large as the ice giants Uranus and Neptune. K2-141b has a radius of 1.51 R⊕, below the 1.6 R⊕ threshold where most planets are expected to accumulate thick hydrogen and helium atmospheres, transforming them into mini-Neptunes. The planet's mass confirms that it is rocky. It has a mass of 5.08 M⊕, which gives K2-141b a high density of 8.2 g/cm3, about 1.48 times the density of Earth. This high density implies a composition with a large iron core taking up about 30% to 50% of the planet's total mass.[2]

    Orbit

    K2-141b has one of the shortest known orbital periods of any confirmed exoplanet. One orbit takes just 0.28 days to complete – a mere 6.7 hours. Only a few planets, including those around Kepler-70, have shorter orbital periods. At this proximity, K2-141b is most likely tidally locked with its host star, meaning that the same side of the planet always faces the star. It has a semi-major axis of 0.0074 AU, just 0.74% the distance between Earth and the Sun. For a comparison, Mercury's perihelion is 0.307499 AU, more than 41 times farther away from the Sun.

    Atmosphere and climate

    Despite its terrestrial nature, K2-141b is far from habitable. Its extremely close proximity to its host star has resulted in an equilibrium temperature of about 2,039 K (1,766 °C; 3,211 °F). However, the actual temperature is probably much higher. The secondary eclipses of K2-141b indicate a dayside temperature of around 3,000 K (2,730 °C; 4,940 °F), with a bond albedo no greater than 0.37, or a geometric albedo of about 0.30. Further observations are needed to distinguish between the two scenarios.[2]

    K2-141b is believed to have both an atmosphere and oceans, which are magma and likely tens of kilometers deep. The makeup of the atmosphere is unknown but likely consists of vaporized metals which are common in solid form on Earth. The atmosphere is believed to have extreme wind speeds of over 1.75 kilometers per second. Temperatures are high enough that the magma in the oceans can vaporize into the atmosphere, especially on the planet's hotter daylight side. At the upper edge of the atmosphere, where temperatures drop, the vaporized magma liquifies, resulting in rain. If the planet's atmosphere has high levels of sodium, then solid sodium might slowly slide towards the planet's oceans, similarly to how glaciers move on Earth.[3]

    Host star

    K2-141 is an orange main-sequence star about 61 parsecs away in K2 Campaign 12, within the constellation Aquarius. It has a radius of 0.681 R☉ and a mass of 0.708 M☉. It has a temperature of 4599 K and is between 1.6 and 12.9 billion years old. For comparison, the Sun has a temperature of 5778 K and is 4.5 billion years old.

    See also

    References
    1. "K2-141 b CONFIRMED PLANET OVERVIEW PAGE". NASA Exoplanet Archive. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
    2. Malavolta, Luca; et al. (2018). "An Ultra-short Period Rocky Super-Earth with a Secondary Eclipse and a Neptune-like Companion around K2-141". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (3). 107. arXiv:1801.03502. Bibcode:2018AJ....155..107M. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa5b5.
    3. November 2020, Meghan Bartels 05. "This bizarre planet could have supersonic winds in an atmosphere of vaporized rock". Space.com. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.