Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower

The Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower, or simply Old Joe, is a clock tower and campanile located in Chancellor's court at the University of Birmingham, in the suburb of Edgbaston. It is the tallest free-standing clock tower in the world,[1] although its actual height is the subject of some confusion. The university lists it as 110 metres (361 ft),[2] 99 metres (325 ft),[3] and 100 metres (328 ft)[4] tall, the last of which is supported by other sources.[5][6] In a lecture in 1945, Mr C. G. Burton, secretary of the University, stated that "the tower stands 329 ft [100 m] high, the clock dials measure 17 ft [5.2 m] in diameter, the length of the clock hands are 10 and 6 ft [3.0 and 1.8 m], and the bell weighs 5 long tons [5.1 tonnes]".[7]

Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower
Record height
Tallest in Birmingham from 1908 to 1965^[I]
Preceded by	St Martin in the Bull Ring
Surpassed by	BT Tower
General information
Status	Listed Grade II
Type	Campanile
Location	University of Birmingham
Town or city	Birmingham
Country	England
Coordinates	52.4499°N 1.9307°W
Construction started	1900
Completed	1908

The tower was built to commemorate Joseph Chamberlain, the first Chancellor of the University (with the commemoration being carved into the stone at the tower's base), although one of the original suggested names for the clock tower was the "Poynting Tower", after one of the earliest professors at the University, Professor John Henry Poynting.

A prominent landmark in Birmingham, the grade II listed[8] tower can be seen for miles around the campus, and has become synonymous with the University itself.

History

View from the tower, looking west, towards the Queen Elizabeth Hospital

Designed as part of the initial phase of the Edgbaston campus by architects Aston Webb and Ingress Bell, the tower was constructed between 1900–1908, and stood at the centre of a semicircle of matching red brick buildings. The tower is modelled on the Torre del Mangia in Siena.[9] The original tower designs were amended due to Chamberlain's great admiration for the Italian city's campanile. On 1 October 1905, the Birmingham Post reported that Chamberlain had announced to the University Council an anonymous gift of £50,000 (the donor in fact was Sir Charles Holcroft). This anonymous gift was announced some two months later in the Birmingham Post as "to be intended for the erection of a tower in connection with the new buildings at Bournbrook at a cost estimated by the architects at £25,000. The tower, it was suggested, would be upwards of 300 ft (91.4 m) in height, and would not only form the main architectural feature of the University but would be useful in connection with the Physics Department and as a record tower.[10] In 1940, Sir Mark Oliphant used the tower for radar experiments.[11]

The tower remained the tallest structure in Birmingham until 1965, when construction on the 152 m (498.7 ft) tall BT Tower was completed in the Jewellery Quarter area of the city. However, Old Joe is still one of the fifty tallest buildings in the UK.[5]

The asteroid 10515 Old Joe, discovered in 1989, is named in the clock tower's honour.[12] There is a superstition that if students walk through the tower's archway when it chimes, that they will fail their degree.[13][14]

Description

Another image of Old Joe

Original design for Old Joe as inspired by St. Mark's Campanile, Venice.

Interior view looking down from the 8th floor

The base is solid concrete, 50 ft (15.2 m) square by 10 ft (3.0 m) thick, with foundations that extend 328 ft (100 m) below ground to ensure stability. Joyce of Whitchurch built the clock, the face of which is 5.25 m (17.2 ft) across, the largest bell weighs 13,619 pounds (6,177.5 kg)[15] with all the bells together weighing 20 long tons (20 tonnes); the minute hand is 4.1 m (13 ft 5 in) long, the hour hand is 2 ft (61 cm) across, the pendulum is 15 ft (4.6 m) long. The clock hands are made out of sheet copper. There are ten floors served by an electrical lift in the SW corner.[16] The tower was built from the inside, without scaffolding, up to the level of the balcony. It is built of Red Accrington brick with Darley Dale dressings and tapers from 29 ft (8.8 m) square to 23 ft (7.0 m) below the balcony.[17] Owing to its having been built from the inside it was not pointed and had to be pointed in 1914 and was subsequently repointed in 1957 and 1984–85. Its weight, solid brick corners linked by four courses of brick resists the overturning wind forces.

The original design for Old Joe is thought to have been based upon St Mark's Campanile in Venice, the latter having served as the inspiration for Sather Tower at University of California, Berkeley. The final design is thought to have been inspired by Torre del Mangia which is of similar design but for the clock being placed towards the bottom of the tower.

David Lodge's novel Changing Places tells the story of exchange of professors between the universities of Rummidge and Euphoric State, Plotinus (thinly disguised fictional versions of Birmingham and Berkeley), which in the book both have replicas of the Leaning Tower of Pisa on campus.[18]

It is also said to have been inspiration for the Eye of Sauron in J.R.R Tolkien's Lord of the Rings due to the glowing clock face. However, 'The Two Towers themselves are widely accepted as having been inspired by Edgbaston Waterworks and Perrott's Folly which would both have been visible from Tolkien's home.[19]

References

1. "Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower Also known as Old Joe". Skyscrapher News.
2. "Campus tour booklet" (PDF). University of Birmingham. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
3. "Heritage trail: Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower, completed 1909". University of Birmingham. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
4. "Old Joe - University of Birmingham". www.birmingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
5. "25 tallest clock towers/government structures/palaces" (PDF). Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. January 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
6. "Britain's tallest 100 buildings by height". Skyscraper News. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
7. "The Ivory Tower". Birmingham Mail. Birmingham. 10 November 1945. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
8. Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1210306)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
9. Stephens, W.B. (1964). "A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 7". London: Oxford University Press. pp. 43–57.
10. Cheesewright, 1975, p. 55
11. "Why is there a bow on Old Joe?". www.birmingham.ac.uk.
12. "10515 Old Joe (1989 UB3)". JPL Small-Body Database. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
13. "7 Things You'll Only Know if You've Been a Student at Birmingham University". Metro. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
14. "University's historic clock tower turns red for Cure Leukaemia". University of Birmingham. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
15. Great Bells of the British Isles, TowerBells Website, accessed 14 January 2015
16. Cheesewright, 1975, p. 57
17. Braithwaite, 1987, p. 4
18. Showalter, Elaine (2005). Faculty Towers: The Academic Novel and Its Discontents. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-928332-3.
19. Middleton, Christopher (15 December 2007). "Sites that shaped Tolkien's 'Lord of the Rings'". The Daily Telegraph.

General

• Foster, A. (2005). Birmingham (Pevsner Architectural Guides). London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10731-9.
• Cheesewright, M. (1975). Mirror to Mermaid. Birmingham: The University of Birmingham Press. ISBN 978-0-7044-0130-3.
• Braithwaite, L. (1987). University of Birmingham architectural trail. Birmingham: The University of Birmingham Press. ISBN 978-0-7044-0890-6.

External links

• A 360° view of the Clock Tower