João Figueiredo

João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo (Portuguese: [ʒuˈɐ̃w baˈtʃistɐ dʒi oliˈvejɾɐ fiɡejˈɾedu, ˈʒwɐ̃w -]; January 15, 1918 – December 24, 1999) was a Brazilian military leader and politician who was the 30th President of Brazil, the last of the military regime that ruled the country following the 1964 coup d'état. He was chief of the Secret Service (SNI) during the term of his predecessor, Ernesto Geisel, who appointed him to the presidency at the end of his own mandate. He took the oath of office on March 15, 1979, serving until March 14, 1985.

His Excellency General João Figueiredo
President of Brazil
In office March 15, 1979 – March 14, 1985[1][2]
Vice President	Aureliano Chaves
Preceded by	Ernesto Geisel
Succeeded by	José Sarney
Head of the National Intelligence Service
In office March 15, 1974 – June 14, 1978
Appointed by	Ernesto Geisel
Preceded by	Carlos Alberto da Fontoura
Succeeded by	Otávio Aguiar de Medeiros
Chief Minister of the Military Cabinet
In office October 30, 1969 – March 15, 1974
President	Emílio Médici
Preceded by	Jaime Portela de Melo
Succeeded by	Hugo de Abreu
Personal details
Born	João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo January 15, 1918 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Died	December 24, 1999 (aged 81) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Resting place	São Francisco Xavier Cemetery Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Nationality	Brazilian
Political party	PDS (1979–85) ARENA (1978–79)
Spouse(s)	Dulce Castro ​ ​ (m. 1942; his death 1999)​
Children	2
Alma mater	Military School of Realengo
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Brazil
Branch/service	Brazilian Army
Years of service	1937–1979
Rank	Army General

He continued the process of redemocratization that Geisel had started and sanctioned a law decreeing amnesty for all political crimes committed during the regime. His term was marked by a severe economic crisis and growing dissatisfaction with the military rule, culminating in the Diretas Já protests of 1984, which clamored for direct elections for the Presidency, the last of which had taken place 24 years prior. Figueiredo opposed this and in 1984 Congress rejected the immediate return of direct elections, in favor of an indirect election by Congress, which was nonetheless won by the opposition candidate Tancredo Neves. Figueiredo retired after the end of his term and died in 1999.

Biography

Figueiredo as Chief Minister of the Military Cabinet, 1972

João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo was the son of General Euclides Figueiredo, exiled for trying to topple the Estado Novo regime of Getúlio Vargas in 1932. Two of his brothers were also generals. The family could trace its origins in Brazil to the 1650s, having arrived from Barcelos in Northern Portugal and owning several slaves and sugar plantations. After studying at military schools of Porto Alegre and Realengo, Figueiredo was promoted to captain (1944) and to major (1952). He served as the Brazilian military attache in Paraguay (1955–1957) and worked for secret service of the Army General Staff (1959–1960). In 1961 he was transferred to the National Security Council. While teaching at the Army General Staff Command College (1961–1964), Figueiredo was promoted to colonel and appointed the department head in the National Information Service. In 1966 he assumed the command of public defense force in São Paulo. In 1967–1969 he commanded a regiment in Rio de Janeiro and was promoted to general. When General Emílio Garrastazu Médici assumed the presidency, Figueiredo was appointed head of the president's military staff (October 30, 1969 – March 15, 1974).

In 1974 he assumed the leadership of the National Intelligence Service of Brazil (March 15, 1974 – June 14, 1978), a Brazil's internal security agency. Picked by President Ernesto Geisel as his successor, Figueiredo campaigned vigorously, even though he could not possibly be defeated; the president was elected by a legislature dominated by the pro-military National Renewal Alliance Party. As expected, he won easily against the nominal opposition candidate, General Monteiro.

Presidency

Figueiredo signs official documents during his inauguration ceremony in the Congress, 15 March 1979.

Figueiredo in the meeting room at the Planalto Palace. On the wall, a portrait of Emperor Pedro I.

As president, he continued the gradual abertura (democratization) process instituted in 1974. An amnesty law, signed by Figueiredo on August 28, 1979, amnestied those convicted of "political or related" crimes between 1961 and 1978. In the early 1980s, the military regime could no longer effectively maintain the two-party system established in 1966. The Figueiredo administration dissolved the government-controlled National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA) and allowed new parties to be formed. In 1981 the Congress enacted a law to restore direct elections of state governors. The general election of 1982 brought victory to ARENA's successor, the pro-government Democratic Social Party (43.22% of the vote), and to the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (42.96%).

Figueiredo and U.S. President Ronald Reagan riding horses in Brasília, 1 December 1982.

The governorship of three major states, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, was won by the opposition. However, political developments were overshadowed by economic problems. As inflation and unemployment soared, the foreign debt reached massive proportions making Brazil the world's biggest debtor owing about US$90 billion to international lenders. The austerity program imposed by the government brought no signs of recovery for the Brazilian economy until the end of Figueiredo's term. The president had a heart attack and injuries from horse riding and took two prolonged leaves for health treatment in 1981 and 1983, but civilian vice president Antônio Aureliano Chaves de Mendonça did not enjoy major political power. The opposition vigorously struggled to pass a constitutional amendment that would allow direct popular Presidential elections in November 1984, but the proposal failed to win passage in the Congress. The opposition candidate Tancredo Neves succeeded Figueiredo when Congress held an election for the new President. He did not return to politics, lived away from the public attention and died on December 24, 1999. After his death President Fernando Henrique Cardoso declared three days of mourning.[3]

1978 electoral college results

• João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo – 355
• Euler Bentes Monteiro – 225
• Absents – 11

Honours

Foreign honours

• Grand Cross of the Military Order of Aviz (July 27, 1972)[4]
• Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ (July 26, 1973)[5]
• Grand Collar of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword (September 22, 1981)[6]
• Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (May 9, 1983)[7]
• Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (July 2, 1991)[8]

See also

• List of Presidents of Brazil
• History of Brazil (1964-present)

References

1. "Galery of presidents" (in Portuguese). Palácio do Planalto. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
2. "Governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso" (in Portuguese). Brasil Escola. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
3. Joao Figueiredo, military ruler who opened Brazil to democracy, dies at 81
4. "Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
5. "Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
6. "Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
7. "Real Decreto 1626/1983, de 9 de mayo,". Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
8. "Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved April 8, 2017.

External links

• Media related to João Figueiredo at Wikimedia Commons
• Biography
• João Figueiredo at Find a Grave