Jian Yong
Jian Yong (fl. 180s–210s), courtesy name Xianhe, was an official serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He started working under Liu Bei since the very beginning of Liu Bei's career and originally served as his lord's personal secretary and would go on to serve as a messenger, minister or emissary for his lord. He was also known for being persuasive and broad-minded and for his carefree personality. Along with Mi Zhu, Sun Qian, and later Yi Ji, Jian's ideas were widely circulated in Liu's territories, which featured Confucius values and Han loyalist arguments, he greatly helped Liu Bei's image gaining creditably to the later's populist movement. Jian is thought to have died shortly after 214.
Jian Yong | |
|---|---|
簡雍 | |
 | |
| General of Illustrious Virtue (昭德將軍) | |
| In office 214 – ? | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown Zhuo Commandery |
| Died | Unknown |
| Occupation | Official |
| Courtesy name | Xianhe (憲和) |
Life
Jian Yong was from Zhuo Commandery (涿郡), which is in present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei. His original family name was Geng (耿), but in his native You Province (Zhuo Commandery was in You Province), Geng had the same pronunciation as Jian, so he changed his family name to Jian.[1] He was an old acquaintance of Liu Bei and later became one of Liu Bei's subordinates. When Liu Bei was taking shelter in Jing Province in the 3rd century, Jian Yong, along with Mi Zhu and Sun Qian, served as Assistant Officers of the Household (從事中郎) under Liu Bei. They usually served as messengers or emissaries for their lord.[2]
In 211, when Liu Bei entered Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) under the pretext of helping its governor Liu Zhang defend his jurisdiction against a rival warlord Zhang Lu, he sent Jian Yong as an emissary to meet Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang favoured Jian Yong. Later, when war broke out between Liu Bei and Liu Zhang, and Liu Bei had gained the upper hand against his rival and had besieged Yi Province's capital Chengdu, Jian Yong was sent to persuade Liu Zhang to give up resistance. Liu Zhang agreed, and, with Jian Yong by his side, he rode out of the city in a chariot to surrender. After occupying Yi Province and setting up his new base in Chengdu in 214, Liu Bei promoted Jian Yong to the position of General of Illustrious Virtue (昭德將軍).[3]
Jian Yong was known for being an excellent debater and speaker. In his writing and speech he was far more extreme in Laozi philosophy than most of Liu Bei's other subjects. He was carefree in his ways and showed little regard for formalities. When he sat down beside Liu Bei, which was odd because even Liu's longterm subjects like Zhang Fei and Mi Zhu always were formal. Jian behaved boldly, ignored proper etiquette, and sat in a manner to make himself feel comfortable. When he attended banquets hosted by Zhuge Liang, he would occupy an entire couch, recline on a pillow, and speak to others in a relaxed position. He did not condescend to anyone.[4]
Once, there was a drought in Yi Province and a law prohibiting alcohol went into effect. People who brewed alcoholic drinks would be punished. Over-zealous officials seized brewing utensils from families and suggested to punish the owners of the utensils as if the owners were as guilty as brewers. When Jian Yong and Liu Bei was inspecting the land, they saw a couple walking past, and Jian said to his lord, "They're planning to commit an indecent act. Why not arrest them?" Liu Bei asked, "How do you know?" Jian Yong replied, "They're equipped with the tools to do so, just as the owners of brewing utensils have the tools to brew alcoholic drinks." Liu Bei laughed and pardoned the families who owned brewing utensils. Such was Jian Yong's wit.[5]
Appraisal
Chen Shou, who wrote Jian Yong's biography in Records of the Three Kingdoms, commented on Jian as follows: "Mi Zhu, Sun Qian, Jian Yong and Yi Ji were refined and cultured persons whose ideas were widely circulated. They were well known for their good observation of the proprieties."[6]
References
- (或曰：雍本姓耿，幽州人語謂耿為簡，遂隨音變之。) Pei Songzhi's annotation Sanguozhi vol. 38.
- (簡雍字憲和，涿郡人也。少與先主有舊，隨從周旋。先主至荊州，雍與麋笁、孫乾同為從事中郎，常為談客，往來使命。) Sanguozhi vol. 38.
- (先主入益州，劉璋見雍，甚愛之。後先主圍成都，遣雍往說璋，璋遂與雍同輿而載，出城歸命。先主拜雍為昭德將軍。) Sanguozhi vol. 38.
- (優游風儀，性簡傲跌宕，在先主坐席，猶箕踞傾倚，威儀不肅，自縱適；諸葛亮已下則獨擅一榻，項枕卧語，無所為屈。) Sanguozhi vol. 38.
- (時天旱禁酒，釀者有刑。吏於人家索得釀具，論者欲令與作酒者同罰。雍與先主游觀，見一男女行道，謂先主曰：「彼人欲行淫，何以不縛？」先主曰：「卿何以知之？」雍對曰：「彼有其具，與欲釀者同。」先主大笑，而原欲釀者。雍之滑稽，皆此類也。) Sanguozhi vol. 38.
- (麋笁、孫乾、簡雍、伊籍，皆雍容風議，見禮於世。) Sanguozhi vol. 38.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).