Japanese battleship Tosa

Tosa (土佐) was a planned battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Designed by Yuzuru Hiraga, she was envisioned as the lead ship of the Tosa class of two 39,900-long-ton (40,540 t) ships. The battleships would have been armed with ten 410 mm (16.1 in) guns and bring Japan closer to its goal of an "Eight-four" fleet (eight battleships and four battlecruisers). However, after the Washington Naval Conference and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty, all work on the ship was halted. With the vessel required to be destroyed in accordance with the terms of the treaty, the incomplete Tosa was then subjected to various tests to gauge the effect of Japanese weaponry before being scuttled on 9 February 1925.

Tosa at Nagasaki on 31 July 1922; the ship is only complete up to the main deck, hence the lack of any superstructure aside from the small bridge
History
Empire of Japan
Name: Tosa
Namesake: Tosa Province
Ordered: 1918 Fiscal Year
Builder: Mitsubishi, Nagasaki
Laid down: 2 February 1920
Launched: 18 December 1921
Fate:
  • Construction cancelled, 5 February 1922
  • Scuttled, 9 February 1925
General characteristics
Class and type: Tosa-class battleship
Displacement:
Length: 234.1 m (768 ft 1 in)
Beam: 30.5 m (100 ft 1 in)
Draught: 9.4 m (30 ft 10 in)
Installed power:
Propulsion: 4 shafts; 4 × steam turbines
Speed: 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph)
Range: 5,000 nmi (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Complement: 1,333
Armament:
Armour:

Design and construction
Tosa's launch, 18 December 1921
For additional details and design information, see Tosa-class battleship

Designed by Yuzuru Hiraga, Tosa was intended to be part of a Japanese "Eight-four fleet", comprising eight battleships and four battlecruisers, the successor to the proposed "Eight-eight fleet". Tosa and her sister ship Kaga were intended to be the second set of high-speed battleships (after the Nagato class) under the plan, and were approved for construction in the Diet's 14 July 1917 warship-building authorization. Engineering blueprints for the two ships were completed by Japanese naval engineers in 1919. Based on Japanese studies of the British experience at the Battle of Jutland, the ships were to include new features over previous designs, including higher steaming speed despite increased tonnage, flush decks, and inclined armor.[1][2][3][upper-alpha 1]

Tosa was laid down on 16 February 1920 by Mitsubishi in Nagasaki.[4][5][6] She utilized the same slipway where, two decades later, the Yamato-class battleship Musashi would be built.[7] Tosa was originally scheduled to be launched in October 1921, but multiple strikes delayed it until November.[8] Ultimately, the battleship was not launched until 18 December 1921, two months behind schedule.[4][5] Fitting-out commenced soon after with a projected completion date of July 1922.[6][9] However, work on Tosa was halted on 5 February 1922, one day before Japan signed the Washington Naval Treaty.[4][9] Under the terms of the treaty, construction of Tosa and Kaga was formally canceled on 5 May 1922.[9][10][11][upper-alpha 2]

Career
Tosa being towed from Nagasaki on 1 August 1922

In August 1922, Tosa was moved to Kure, still incomplete.[6] Fifty thousand people turned out to watch as the battleship was towed out of the harbor by five tugboats.[13] The barbettes for the 406 mm (16 inch) guns were in place, but no turrets or weapons had been mounted, so the holes in the main deck were covered with a mesh-like material. Her hull was finished, and a superstructure deck, bridge deck and conning tower had been fitted, along with a light signal mast directly aft of the second barbette. The conning tower had to be outfitted as a bridge, as there was no other suitable location; compared with those of similar ships, it was much smaller, as it contained only two levels and bridge wings. An exhaust pipe resembling an extremely small funnel was fitted so heat could be supplied within the ship.[6][7] Her guns were turned over to the Imperial Japanese Army for use as coastal artillery; one of her main gun turrets was installed near Busan, Korea, in 1930 and another on Tsushima Island in 1933.[14] The rest of her guns were placed in reserve and ultimately scrapped in 1943.[15]

Tosa remained in Kure until mid-1924. Stricken on 1 April 1924, the ship—with her hull virtually finished—was designated for use in testing the effectiveness of shells and torpedoes against its armor arrangements.[4][16] As a result, in June 1924 the navy's gunnery school took possession of the hull and prepared it for testing.[10]

Test target

During 6–13 June, Tosa was subjected to five explosions. The first involved a 100 kg (220 lb) Mk. I mine placed on the starboard side of the ship, 3.7 m (12 ft) below the waterline at frame 57. The resultant explosion ruptured about 22 m2 (240 sq ft) of hull, while dishing in another 750 sq ft (70 m2) of plating. Flooding took 23 compartments within the ship, 17 quickly and five slowly; a total of 995 long tons (1,011 t) of water entered the ship, increasing the ship's list to starboard by about 1° 54'.[17]

The second and fifth test charges (8 and 13 June) were both placed near the fore main battery magazines. Involving larger charges than the first—about 200 kg (440 lb) (a 6th year type torpedo) and 150 kg (330 lb) (a 9th year type mine)—they were both placed at frame 87: the second to port and 4.04 m (13.3 ft) below the waterline, the fifth to starboard and 6.34 m (20.8 ft) below. Both broached the side protection system—allowing 1,008 and 726 long tons (1,024 and 738 t) of water, respectively, to enter the ship—showing that the usual three-compartment, all-void system used in most Japanese battleships was an insufficient defense against modern torpedoes. The list incurred during test two was a 6° 16' change, resulting in a port list of 4° 36'; for test five these numbers were 4° 38' and a starboard list of ° 48'.[17]

Similar to two and five, tests three and four were conducted at the same frame (192) but on opposite sides. Frame 192 was in the middle of the ship, where the ship's protection system was designed to be the strongest. Test three (9 June) was a 300 kg (660 lb) 8th year type torpedo on the starboard side at a depth of 4.05 m (13.3 ft) under the ship's waterline; four (12 June) was a 350 kg (770 lb) torpedo to port, 4.9 m (16 ft) below the waterline. The tests ruptured 15 and 26 m2 (160 and 280 sq ft), dished in 160 and 110 m2 (1,700 and 1,200 sq ft) of plating, and allowed 1,203 and 1,160 long tons (1,222 and 1,180 t) of water to enter the ship. Test three allowed in the most water of all the tests and, as a result, the list was altered from a previous port-side 2° 51' to a starboard-side 5° 22'—a change of 8° 13'. Test four went from a starboard 1° 0' to a port 5° 20'.[17]

Further tests included the explosion of several Type 8 torpedoes filled with 300–346 kg (660–760 lbs) of picric acid within Tosa's designed magazine for them, which was located forward of the first turret and had been considered a weak point in previous battleship designs. This caused "extreme structural damage above the waterline" to Tosa, and confirmed that any problem in that part of the ship could seriously harm it. Possible solutions included the installation of additional armor over the room or the use of walls on one side of the magazine that would be blown out and away from the ship in the event of any serious explosion inside. This would have the effect of focusing the explosion outside, minimizing structural damage to the ship itself. Another test involved the explosion of 370 kg (820 lb) of TNT 5 m (16 ft) away from the side of the ship.[18][19]

Another test conducted around this time involved a 406 mm (16.0 in) gun firing a shell at Tosa. It fell about 25 metres (82 ft) short of the ship, but continued through the water and struck the ship near frame 228, 3.3 metres (11 ft) below the designed waterline. The result was disturbing, as the shell was able to pass through the 76 mm (3.0 in) armor and explode in the port engine room. As a result, 3,000 long tons (3,048 t) of water was let in, and Tosa's list was increased from 4° 53' to 10° 06'.[16][20]

Results of the tests on Tosa were subsequently used in the refitting and reconstruction of existing warships. Lessons learned were also incorporated into the designs of the two Yamato-class super-battleships ten years later. In the latter, this meant that the side belt armor was continued below the waterline and beneath the torpedo bulge so that the class would have a defense against underwater shells.[10]

Excerpt from the U.S. Naval Technical Missions evaluation of the Tosa experiments after the war, illustrating the location of the tests.

Sinking
Tosa sinking stern-first, February 9, 1925.

For the next few months, Tosa was given to the Hiroshima gunnery school for use as a target.[21] On 14 January 1925, the Navy Ministry of Japan ordered Tosa to be scuttled within one month's time. To ensure this, the Commander in Chief of the Kure Naval District directed that preparations for scuttling the ship be completed by 1 February. It was planned that Tosa would be scuttled on or before 10 February after being towed by the former battleship Settsu to a location south of the Mizunokojima Lighthouse and 16.1 kilometers (10 mi) west of Okinoshima Island (located southwest of the present-day Kōchi Prefecture).[22] Later that month, the United States Office of Naval Intelligence reported that "work on the dismantling of [Tosa] has been going on at the Kure Navy Yard and everything possible has been removed. The intention is to fill her hull with sand and gravel, tow her out to deep water near the entrance to Kure, open her sea cocks, and send her to the bottom."[23]

Tosa was brought from Kure on 3 February to Saiki Bay in the Bungo Channel.[24][25] She was then towed from the bay on the 6th with the intention of bringing the battleship to the designated sinking spot, but were thwarted by a strong storm and returned. A second attempt was made at 10:00 on the 8th. Explosive "mines" were embarked: two 360 mm (14.2 in) shells were placed inside Tosa's double bottom, and two containers with 30 kg (66 lb) of Shimose powder in each were put into the engine room on the port side. They would be detonated using electrical fuses, though time fuses were also fitted for use if the sea was calm.[25] The explosives were triggered on the 8th, but they failed, so a contingent was sent aboard Tosa on the 9th; they opened six Kingston valves in the engine room at about 01:25. Soon after, Tosa slowly began to sink by the stern and to starboard. By 03:50, the rate increased, and the ship slipped beneath the waves by 07:00.[25] Tosa was the tenth and final Japanese capital ship sunk or scrapped to comply with the naval treaty's stipulations.[26][upper-alpha 3]

See also
  • Hashima Island, also known as Gunkanjima ("Battleship Island"), received its nickname from an apparent resemblance to Tosa

Notes
  1. The 1917 authorization provided for the construction of, in addition to Tosa and Kaga, the battleship Mutsu, battlecruisers Amagi and Akagi, nine cruisers, 27 destroyers, 18 submarines and three auxiliaries. All construction on the ships authorized by the 1917 mandate were to be completed by 1 April 1924.[3]
  2. Kaga was saved from the breakers by the September 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. Two Amagi-class battlecruisers, Amagi and Akagi, were in the process of being converted to aircraft carriers at the time, but the earthquake damaged Amagi beyond repair. Kaga's hull was quickly reordered as an aircraft carrier to compensate for the loss.[12]
  3. The other nine were Aki, Satsuma, Hizen, Ikoma, Ibuki, Kashima, Kurama, Katori, and Amagi.[26]

References
  1. Watts, The Imperial Japanese Navy, 62
  2. Evans and Peattie, Kaigun, 171
  3. Lacroix, Japanese Cruisers, 14
  4. Friedman, "Japan", 232
  5. Garzke and Dulin, Battleships, 213
  6. Breyer, Battleships and battle cruisers, 350
  7. Breyer, Battleships of the World, 229
  8. Hall, "Professional Notes", 111
  9. Watts, The Imperial Japanese Navy, 63
  10. Evans and Peattie, Kaigun, 246
  11. Lacroix, Japanese Cruisers, 17
  12. Friedman, "Japan", 232, 235
  13. Yoshimura, Battleship Musashi, 11
  14. Gibbs, "Question 28/43," 217
  15. Gibbs and Tamura, "Question 58/80," 192, 194
  16. Garzke and Dulin, Battleships, 214
  17. Garzke and Dulin, Battleships, 214–216
  18. Garzke and Dulin, Battleships, 214, 217
  19. Lacroix, Japanese Cruisers, 64
  20. Lacroix and Wells, Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War, 758–759
  21. Garzke and Dulin, Battleships, 215
  22. Lengerer, "Battleships of the Kaga Class", 89
  23. Office of Naval Intelligence, "Monthly Information Bulletin"
  24. Jentschura, Warships, 35
  25. Lengerer, "Battleships of the Kaga Class", 89–90
  26. Fleischer, "Says Japan's Navy"

Bibliography
  • Breyer, Siegfried; Kurti, Alfred, trans. (1973). Battleships and Battle Cruisers, 1905–1970. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. OCLC 702840.
  • Breyer, Siegfried; Thomas, Keith, trans. (1980). Battleships of the World: 1905–1970. London: Conway Maritime Press. OCLC 6355392.
  • Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R. (1997). Kaigun: strategy, tactics, and technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-192-7. OCLC 36621876.
  • Fleischer, Wilfrid (12 February 1925). "Says Japan's Navy Carried Out Treaty; Admiral Takarahe Declares That the Last of Its Ten Ships Has Been Scrapped" (fee required). The New York Times. p. 5.
  • Friedman, Norman. "Japan" in Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3. OCLC 12119866.
  • "Appendix A; The Tosa Experiments" in Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1976). Battleships: United States Battleships in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-099-8. OCLC 2414211.
  • Gibbs, Jay (2010). "Question 28/43: Japanese Ex-Naval Coast Defense Guns". Warship International. XLVII (3): 217–218. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Gibbs, Jay; Tamura, Toshio (1982). "Question 51/80". Warship International. XIX (2): 190, 194–195. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Hall, R.A. (January 1922). "Professional Notes". Proceedings. United States Naval Institute. 48: 111.
  • Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X. OCLC 3273325.
  • Lacroix, Eric; Wells, Linton (1997). Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-311-3. OCLC 21079856.
  • Lengerer, Hans (March 2008). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Battleships of the Kaga Class and the so-called Tosa Experiments [part III]". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (4). (subscription required) (contact the editor at lars.ahlberghalmstad.mail.postnet.se for subscription information)
  • "Japan: January 1925". Monthly Information Bulletin. Office of Naval Intelligence. 8 (3): 41. March 1925.
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  • Yoshimura, Akira (1991). Battleship Musashi: the making and sinking of the world's biggest battleship. New York City, London: Kondansha International. ISBN 4-7700-2400-2. OCLC 43303944.

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