Jáchymov

Jáchymov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjaːxɪmof]), until 1945 known also by its German name of Sankt Joachimsthal or Joachimsthal (meaning "Saint Joachim's Valley"; German: Thal, or Tal in modern orthography) is a spa town in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It has a population of about 2,500.

For other places called Joachimsthal, see Joachimsthal (disambiguation).
Jáchymov

Údolí Svatého Jáchyma
Town
Upper Jáchymov
Flag
Coat of arms
Jáchymov
Location in the Czech Republic
Coordinates: 50°21′58″N 12°55′24″E
Country Czech Republic
RegionKarlovy Vary
DistrictKarlovy Vary
First mentioned1510
Government
 • MayorBronislav Grulich
Area
 • Total51.11 km2 (19.73 sq mi)
Elevation
672 m (2,205 ft)
Population
 (2020-01-01[1])
 • Total2,470
 • Density48/km2 (130/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
362 51, 363 01
Websitewww.mestojachymov.cz

It is situated at an altitude of 733 m (2,405 ft) above sea level in the eponymous St. Joachim's valley in the Ore Mountains, close to the Czech border with Germany. The historical core of the town from the sixteenth century is today an urban monument zone. It is a comprehensive set of Gothic – Renaissance patrician houses.

The town has a long mining tradition; at first silver was mined here. In 1534, it was the second most populous town in the Kingdom of Bohemia. The silver Joachimsthaler coins minted there since the 16th century became known in German as Thaler for short, which via the Dutch daalder or daler is the etymological origin of the currency name "dollar".[2][3][4] The Svornost mine (1525) is the oldest mine still in use in Europe, it is also the first and for a long time the only mine in the world where radium was mined.

History
Silver mining in Joachimsthal (1548; now Jáchymov)
The Svornost mine (1525) is the oldest mine still in use in Europe
Jáchymov, Republic Square

At the beginning of the 16th century, silver was found in the area of Joachimsthal. The village of Joachimsthal was founded in 1516 in place of the former abandoned village of Konradsgrun in order to facilitate the exploitation of this valuable resource. Stefan Schlick was the founder of Jáchymov. The silver caused the population to grow rapidly, and made the counts Schlick, whose possessions included the town, one of the richest noble Bohemian families.

The Schlicks had coins minted, which were called Joachimsthalers. They gave their name to the Thaler and the dollar. The fame of Joachimsthal for its ore mining and smelting works attracted the scientific attention of the doctor Georg Bauer (better known by the Latin form of his name, Georgius Agricola) in the late 1520s, who based his pioneering metallurgical studies on his observations made here.

In 1523, the Protestant Reformation began. In the Schmalkaldic War (1546–47) Joachimsthal was occupied for a time by Saxon troops. When in 1621 the Counter-reformation and re-Catholicisation took effect in the town, many Protestant citizens and people from the mountains migrated to nearby Saxony.[5]

Until 1918, the town (named Joachimsthal before 1898) was in the Austrian part of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, head of the district with the same name, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia.[6]

In the 19th century the town was also the location of a Court, and of an administrative office responsible for mines and iron production. Mining was still significant in this period. It was run partly by state-owned and partly by privately owned firms. In addition to silver ore (of which in 1885 227 zentners (11.35 tonnes) were produced), nickel, bismuth and uranium ore were also extracted. There were also other industries: an enormous tobacco factory employed 1,000 women. In addition, there was the manufacture of gloves and corks and of bobbin lace. On 31 March 1873 the town almost entirely burnt down.

At the end of the 19th century, Marie Curie discovered, in tons of pitchblende ore containing uraninite from Joachimsthal, the element radium, for which she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Until World War I this was the foremost source of radium in the world.[7]

The first radon spa in the world was founded in Joachimsthal in 1906, joining the famous spas of the region, including Karlsbad, Franzensbad, and Marienbad.

In 1929, Dr Löwy of Prague established that "mysterious emanations" in the mine led to a form of cancer. Ventilation and watering measures were introduced, miners were given higher pay and longer vacations, but death rates remained high.[8]

Following the Munich Agreement in 1938, it was annexed by Nazi Germany as part of the so-called Sudetenland. Most of the German-speaking population was expelled in 1945–1946 (see the Potsdam Agreement) and replaced by mostly non-German-speaking settlers from other parts of the country.

Mining in uranium mines took place here between 1939–1964, for nuclear projects of Nazis and Communists. In times of Nazism and Communism were large prison camps established in the town and around it. Soviet prisoners of war first worked here, and after 1948 political and other prisoners. Opponents of the new regime were forced to mine uranium ore under very harsh conditions: the average life expectancy in Jáchymov at this period was 42 years. Uranium mining ceased in 1964.

The mines today (with the exception of Svornost) are no longer in operation and, for example, in the Eduard mine complex there is now a sports complex with a biathlon shooting range. The radioactive thermal springs which arise in the Svornost mine are used under the supervision of doctors for the treatment of patients with nervous and rheumatic disorders. They make use of the constantly produced radioactive gas radon (222Rn) dissolved in the water, see Radon therapy.

Spa
Aquacentrum Agricola
Radium Palace

In the town are some of the most unique spas in the world. Musculoskeletal system is treated here with radon water and direct irradiation. This treatment is suitable for vascular diseases. Furthermore, for the nerve, rheumatic diseases or inflammation of nerves. The most important use is the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system (gout etc.). The spa was founded in 1906. Initially, the water was used for drinking cures, later baths began to be used.

Spa houses and hotels in the lower part of the town:

  • Aquacentrum Agricola – the first spa building in the town from 1911, now the only year-round water park in the Ore Mountains.
  • Radium Palace – spa neoclassical hotel palace, already at the time of its establishment in 1912 was one of the best that Europe could offer in the field of spas.
  • Hotel Běhounek – spa building from 1975, with six above-ground and three underground floors, it is an unmissable dominant feature over the Jáchymov valley.
  • Hotel Praha – originally built as a factory for puppets and wooden toys in 1894, rebuilt in 1911 for the needs of a new spa.
  • Komplex Curie – a modern panel building opened in 1992.
  • Hotel Astoria – created by merging three buildings built in 1913–1926.
  • Radiological Pavilion (Examination Institute) - medical background of the spa, there are surgeries and laboratories.

Transport

The Ostrov nad Ohří – Jáchymov railway line was in operation in 1896–1957. Buses now provide regular connections via Ostrov to Karlovy Vary. Since 2005, Jáchymov have one line of town bus transport MHD-1.

Sights
Church of St. Joachim
Jáchymov Town Hall
Royal Mint Jáchymov Museum
  • Church of St. Joachim was the first Lutheran church in the Czech Kingdom from 1540, after 1624 a Roman Catholic church.
  • Jáchymov Town Hall from 1544.
  • Royal Mint Jáchymov Museum is a mint, which now houses the town museum.
  • Church of All Saints in Jáchymov is the oldest preserved building in the town (1516).
  • Holy Trinity Column in Jáchymov dates from 1703.
  • Statue of St. John of Nepomuk (Jáchymov) is the baroque statue from 1730.
  • Latin school library – unique library of the Latin school from the 16th century.
  • Šlik Castle – remains of the youngest castle in the Czech Republic.
  • Town and patrician houses in Jáchymov are gothic and renaissance houses with unique Czech set of portals.
  • Jáchymov pharmacy – the oldest pharmacy in Central Europe from 1520.
  • Svornost Mine – was the first radium mine in the world.
  • Peter's Mill – remains of the oldest watermill in the Czech Republic.
  • Monument to the Discovery of Radium from 1950.
  • Liberation Monument in Jáchymov from 1947.

Nearby attractions

There is several ski lifts, downhill and cross-country trails. The town has the only year-round water park in the Ore Mountains.

Not far from here, at the foot of the Plešivec, there once stood the Capuchin monastery Mariasorg (Mariánská); it was razed to the ground in the 1950s.

From the valley of river Veseřice (3 km; 2 miles from Jáchymov) a chairlift goes to the highest peak in the Ore Mountains Klínovec.

Notable people
  • Georgius Agricola (1494–1555), town doctor and chemist, the "Father of Mineralogy"
  • Johannes Mathesius (1504–1565), German minister and a Lutheran reformer
  • Samuel Fischer (1547–1600), professor, clergyman and Superintendent

Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic

Jáchymov is twinned with:[9]

See also

References
  1. "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2020". Czech Statistical Office. 2020-04-30.
  2. See also dollar at Wiktionary.
  3. Anderson, Hepzibah (May 28, 2019). "The Curious Origins of the Dollar". BBC. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  4. Welcome to Jáchymov: the Czech town that invented the dollar BBC (www.bbc.com). January 8, 2020. Retrieved on 2020-01-09.
  5. More about history of the town in the 16th and 17th centuries for example in the article of Lukáš M. Vytlačil: Příběh renesančního Jáchymova [The Story of renaissance Jáchymov]. Evagelicus 2017, Praha 2016. pp. 42-45. (on-line here)
  6. Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm Klein, 1967
  7. Heinrich, E. Wm. (1958). Mineralogy and Geology of Radioactive Raw Materials. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 283.
  8. Wiskemann, Elizabeth (1938). Czechs and Germans.
  9. "Listina o přátelství měst Jáchymova a Schneebergu". mestojachymov.cz (in Czech). Město Jáchymov. Retrieved 2020-07-24.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.