Isobar (nuclide)

Isobars are atoms (nuclides) of different chemical elements that have the same number of nucleons. Correspondingly, isobars differ in atomic number (or number of protons) but have the same mass number. An example of a series of isobars would be 40S, 40Cl, 40Ar, 40K, and 40Ca. While the nuclei of these nuclides all contain 40 nucleons, they contain varying numbers of protons and neutrons.[1]

Nuclear physics
Nucleus · Nucleons (p, n) · Nuclear matter · Nuclear force · Nuclear structure · Nuclear reaction
Models of the nucleus
Liquid drop · Nuclear shell model · Interacting boson model · Ab initio
Nuclides' classification
Isotopes – equal Z
Isobars – equal A
Isotones – equal N
Isodiaphers – equal N − Z
     Isomers – equal all the above
Mirror nuclei – Z ↔ N
Stable · Magic · Even/odd · Halo (Borromean)
Nuclear stability
Binding energy · p–n ratio · Drip line · Island of stability · Valley of stability · Stable nuclide
Radioactive decay
Alpha α · Beta β (2β, β+) · K/L capture · Isomeric (Gamma γ · Internal conversion) · Spontaneous fission · Cluster decay · Neutron emission · Proton emission
Nuclear fission
Spontaneous · Products (pair breaking) · Photofission
Capturing processes
electron (2×) · neutron (s · r) · proton (p · rp)
High-energy processes
Spallation (by cosmic ray) · Photodisintegration
Nucleosynthesis and
nuclear astrophysics
Nuclear fusion
Processes: Stellar · Big Bang · Supernova
Nuclides: Primordial · Cosmogenic · Artificial
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In this chart of nuclides, isobars occur along diagonal lines running from the lower right to upper left. The line of beta stability includes the observationally stable nuclides shown in black; disconnected 'islands' are a consequence of the Mattauch isobar rule.
This article is about the concept in nuclear physics. For further meanings, see Isobar.

The term "isobars" (originally "isobares") for nuclides was suggested by Alfred Walter Stewart in 1918.[2] It is derived from the Greek word isos, meaning "equal" and baros, meaning "weight".[3]

Mass

The same mass number implies neither the same mass of nuclei, nor equal atomic masses of corresponding nuclides. From the Weizsäcker formula for the mass of a nucleus:

where mass number A equals to the sum of atomic number Z and number of neutrons N, and mp, mn, aV, aS, aC, aA are constants, one can see that the mass depends on Z and N non-linearly, even for a constant mass number. For odd A, it is admitted that δ = 0 and the mass dependence on Z is convex (or on N or N − Z, it does not matter for a constant A). This explains that beta decay is energetically favorable for neutron-rich nuclides, and positron decay is favorable for strongly neutron-deficient nuclides. Both decay modes do not change the mass number, hence an original nucleus and its daughter nucleus are isobars. In both aforementioned cases, a heavier nucleus decays to its lighter isobar.

For even A the δ term has the form:

where aP is another constant. This term, subtracted from the mass expression above, is positive for even-even nuclei and negative for odd-odd nuclei. This means that even-even nuclei, which have not a strong neutron excess or neutron deficiency, have higher binding energy than their odd-odd isobar neighbors. It implies that even-even nuclei are (relatively) lighter and more stable. The difference is especially strong for small A. This effect is also predicted (qualitatively) by other nuclear models and has important consequences.

Stability

The Mattauch isobar rule states that if two adjacent elements on the periodic table have isotopes of the same mass number, at least one of these isobars must be a radionuclide (radioactive). In cases of three isobars of sequential elements where the first and last are stable (this is often the case for even-even nuclides, see above), branched decay of the middle isobar may occur; e.g. radioactive iodine-126 has an almost equal probabilities for two decay modes, which lead to different daughter isotopes: tellurium-126 and xenon-126.

No observationally stable isobars exist for mass numbers 5 (decays to helium-4 plus a proton or neutron), 8 (decays to two helium-4 nuclei), 147, 151, as well as for 209 and above. Two observationally stable isobars exist for 36, 40, 46, 50, 54, 58, 64, 70, 74, 80, 84, 86, 92, 94, 96, 98, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 120, 122, 123, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136, 138, 142, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 168, 170, 176, 180, 184, 192, 196, 198 and 204.[4]

In theory, no two stable nuclides have the same mass number (since no two nuclides that have the same mass number are both stable to beta decay and double beta decay), and no stable nuclides exist for mass number 5, 8, 143–155, 160–162, and ≥ 165, since in theory, the beta-decay stable nuclides for these mass number can undergo alpha decay.

See also

Bibliography

Sprawls, Perry (1993). "5 – Characteristics and Structure of Matter". Physical Principles of Medical Imaging (2 ed.). Madison, WI: Medical Physics Publishing. ISBN 0-8342-0309-X. Retrieved 28 April 2010.

References
  1. Sprawls (1993)
  2. http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/19/6/581.full.pdf
  3. Etymology Online
  4. via Stable isotope; cf. observationally stable and note also more recently discovered decays: Eu-151, Os-186, and Bi-209
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