Irina Ratushinskaya

Irina Borisovna Ratushinskaya (Russian: Ири́на Бори́совна Ратуши́нская, 4 March 1954, Odessa – 5 July 2017, Moscow) was a Russian Soviet dissident,[1] poet and writer.[2]

Irina Ratushinskaya
Ирина Борисовна Ратушинская
Irina Ratushinskaya. Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev
Born
Irina Borisovna Ratushinskaya

(1954-03-04)4 March 1954
Odessa, Ukrainian SSR
Died5 July 2017(2017-07-05) (aged 63)
Moscow, Russian Federation
NationalityRussian
Citizenship Soviet Union (1954–1987),  Russian Federation (1991–present)
Alma materOdessa University
Occupationpoet, writer, screenwriter
Known forhuman rights activism
Movementdissident movement in the Soviet Union
In this Eastern Slavic name, the patronymic is Borisovna and the family name is Ratushinskaya.

Background

Irina Ratushinskaya was born in Odessa, Ukraine on 4 March 1954. Her father, Boris Leonidovich Ratushinsky, was an engineer; her mother, Irina Valentinovna Ratushinskaya, was a teacher of Russian literature.[2] Irina had one sister. Her mother's family originated from Poland: her maternal great-grandfather was deported from Poland to Siberia, shortly after the January 1863 Uprising against forced conscription into the Russian Imperial Army.[3]

Ratushinskaya was educated at Odessa University and graduated with a master's degree in physics in 1976. Before and after her graduation she taught from 1975 to 1978 at a primary school in her native Odessa.[2]

Political persecution

On 17 September 1982 Ratushinskaya was arrested and accused of anti-Soviet agitation for writing and circulating her collections of verse.[4][5]

Between 1 and 3 March 1983, she was tried in Kiev and convicted of "agitation carried on for the purpose of subverting or weakening the Soviet regime" (Article 62). Ratushinskaya received the maximum sentence of seven years in a strict-regime labor camp, followed by five years of internal exile.[6][7] After being imprisoned three and a half years, including one year in solitary confinement in an unheated cell while temperatures fell to minus 40C in the winter,[3] she was released on 9 October 1986,[4][8] on the eve of the summit in Reykjavík, Iceland between President Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev.[2]

While imprisoned Ratushinskaya continued to write poetry. Her previous works usually centered on love, Christian theology, and artistic creation, not on politics or policies as her accusers stated. Her new works that were written in prison, which were written with a matchstick on soap until memorized and then washed away, number some 250. They expressed an appreciation for human rights; liberty, freedom, and the beauty of life. Her memoir, Grey is the Colour of Hope, chronicles her prison experience. Her later poems recount her struggles to endure the hardships and horrors of prison life. Ratushinskaya was a member of International PEN, who monitored her situation during her incarceration.[2]

Exile

In 1987 Ratushinskaya moved to the United States, where she received the Religious Freedom Award of the Institute on Religion and Democracy. In the same year the Politburo deprived both Irina and her husband of their Soviet citizenship.[2] She was Poet-in-Residence at Northwestern University in Illinois (USA) from 1987 to 1989.[2] For the next ten years Ratushinskaya lived in London, UK, until December 1998,[9] when the family returned to Russia to educate their seven-year-old twins in Russian schools. Irina and her husband Igor had spent one year undergoing various procedures to regain their Russian citizenship, including letters and appeals to President Boris Yeltsin.

Ratushinskaya died in Moscow on 5 July 2017 from cancer. She was survived by her husband, human rights activist Igor Gerashchenko, and their two sons. Memorial events were held for Irina in Moscow and other cities of Russia, including in Chelyabinsk in August 2019. A request was sent by Oleg to Google to dispel the false claims of kidney cancer as the cause of death. Though the cause of death was, indeed, cancer, the details are not to be published and speculation behalf people who were not present to support Irina during her final days was considered inappropriate by her sons.[10]

Books
  • Poems/Cтихи/Poèmes (1984), Hermitage. ISBN 0-938920-54-5.
  • A Tale of Three Heads / сказка о трех головах (1986), Hermitage. ISBN 0-938920-83-9.
  • No, I'm Not Afraid (1986) trans David McDuff, Bloodaxe. ISBN 0-906427-95-9.
  • Beyond the Limit (1987) trans. Frances Padorr Brent and Carol J. Avins, Northwestern University. ISBN 0-8101-0748-1.
  • Pencil Letter (1989) trans. various, Bloodaxe/Hutchinson, UK ISBN 1-85224-050-4; Alfred A. Knopf, USA. ISBN 0-39457-170-3.
  • Grey Is the Color of Hope (1989), Vintage. ISBN 0-679-72447-8.
  • In the Beginning (1991), Sceptre. ISBN 0-340-55083-X.
  • Dance With a Shadow (1992) trans. David McDuff, 1992, Bloodaxe. ISBN 1-85224-232-9.
  • The Odessans' (1996), Sceptre. ISBN 0-340-66563-7.
  • Fictions and Lies (1999) trans. Alyona Kojevnikova, John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5685-6.
  • Wind of the Journey (2000), Cornerstone Press, Chicago. ISBN 0-940895-44-7.

Adaptations
  • Sally Beamish has set some of her poems into music (No, I'm not afraid, 1998).

Irina Leskova set her poems into songs

What was never published

Not all of Irina's works got to be published. In 1996 the family set off for a vacation in Greece together with their two sons (aged 4 at the time), family friends and their two children (aged 6 and 8). The mothers took turns looking after all 4 children, and Irina's way of keeping all of them somewhat disciplined and entertained was manifested in a series of stories she invented about the adventures of a naughty girl called Cinderella, who wore shoes size 45 and enjoyed robbing banks together with the naughty prince of Bencionia, and giving a headache to the strict King Bencione. The series was loved by all four of the children who, eager to hear what was to happen next, were glad to do as they were told. Eventually, the storytelling was attended by the other 3 parents, who loved the series, particularly after hearing of Cinderella and the prince's vacation in Cuba, where they shaved Fidel Castro bald in his sleep. The series were told but never written down by Irina. A play 'Борцу не больно' (the wrestler does not hurt) was written in 2 parts for a film on sambo, however, it was not used in the film, apart from some of the character's names. Irina died of cancer before she could finish her last novel, Azor's paw. The 13 written chapters are kept by her family, the first chapter being translated to English by her son Oleg at Irina's final request for him.

Legacy

Irina's life has had a long-lasting impact on many throughout the world, serving as a source of spiritual inspiration. Her books have been translated into English, German, French, Japanese and other languages and published in many countries.

A Russian edition of Grey is the Colour of Hope was to be launched at the Museum of the Gulag in Moscow in January 2019. Meanwhile, the 7-lesson English course Irina wrote has been enhanced by Oleg and turned into a broad range of courses for children, teens, students and adults. They have been taught in Russia and China, and today provide full-time self-employment for Oleg.

References
  1. Smith, Harrison (July 9, 2017). "Irina Ratushinskaya, Soviet dissident who turned captivity into poetry, dies at 63". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
  2. "Irina Ratushinskaya Papers, 1979–1997". Wheaton College Archives & Special Collections. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
  3. Ewa Kuryluk (May 7, 1987). "An Interview with Irina Ratushinskaya". New York Review of Books. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  4. Associated Press (October 19, 1986). "Dissident poet Iryna Ratushynska unexpectedly released from prison". Archived from the original on September 27, 2013.
  5. "The arrest of Irina Ratushinskaya", A Chronicle of Current Events (65.8), 31 December 1982 (in Russian).
  6. Zambrano, Mark (May 25, 1986). "Young Soviet Poet May Be Dying in Gulag, Emigres Report". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  7. "The trial of Irina Ratushinskaya", Vesti iz SSSR (5-10), 15 March 1983 (in Russian).
  8. "The release of Irina Ratushinskaya", Vesti iz SSSR (19.2), 15 October 1986 (in Russian).
  9. "We wrote a letter to Yeltsin, and then we packed our bags". The Independent. June 6, 1999. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  10. Bourdeaux, Michael (July 9, 2017). "Irina Ratushinskaya obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved July 9, 2017.

Further reading
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