Invertebrate iridescent virus 31

Invertebrate iridescent virus 31 (IIV-31), also known informally as isopod iridescent virus, is a species of virus in the family Iridoviridae and genus Iridovirus.[1] Isopods ("woodlice", "pill bugs", "slaters", "roly polies", etc.) serve as natural hosts. The crystaline arrangement of virions in advanced infection causes the isopod's exoskeleton to become iridescent blue or bluish-purple prior to premature mortality, making presence of the virus easy to detect.[2]

Invertebrate iridescent virus 31
An infected woodlouse (blue) amongst uninfected individuals of typical colouration, Netherlands
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Varidnaviria
Kingdom: Bamfordvirae
Phylum: Nucleocytoviricota
Class: Megaviricetes
Order: Pimascovirales
Family: Iridoviridae
Genus: Iridovirus
Species:
Invertebrate iridescent virus 31
Synonyms
  • Isopod iridescent virus

Hosts

In a study conducted in Japan, researchers found eight isopod species belonging to six families (Ligiidae, Alloniscidae, Philosciidae, Armadillidae, Porcellionidae, and Armadillidiidae; excluding two unidentified species) are susceptible to infection with Invertebrate iridescent virus 31.[3] In a separate study, Trichoniscus pusillus (family Trichoniscidae) was identified as the most important host for the virus in the Netherlands.[2]

Distribution

This virus has been reported in the literature as having a wide geographic distribution. In particular, it has been recorded from the former Czechoslovakia, France, Italy,[4] Japan, the Netherlands, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[3]

Tentative fossil
Early Cretaceous amber fossil from Myanmar, showing an isopod with iridescent blue areas
See also: Paleovirology

In a study on early Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, an ancient strain of Invertebrate iridescent virus 31 was tentatively suggested to be the cause of iridescent blue areas present on a fossilised isopod.[5]

References
  1. "ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  2. Wijnhoven H, Berg MP (1999). "Some notes on the distribution and ecology of Iridovirus (Iridovirus, Iridoviridae) in terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidae)". Crustaceana. 72: 145–156.
  3. Karasawa S, Takatsuka J, Kato J (2012). "Report on Iridovirus IIV-31 (Iridoviridae, Iridovirus) infecting terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidea) in Japan". Crustaceana. 85: 1269–1278. doi:10.1163/15685403-00003116.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Lupetti, Pietro; Montesanto, Giuseppe; Ciolfi, Silvia; Marri, Laura; Gentile, Mariangela; Paccagnini, Eugenio; Lombardo, Bianca Maria. "Iridovirus infection in terrestrial isopods from Sicily (Italy)". Tissue & Cell. 45 (5): 321–327. doi:10.1016/j.tice.2013.05.001. ISSN 1532-3072. PMID 23756498.
  5. Poinar Jr. G (2014). "Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils". Advances in Biology. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/181353.

Further reading
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