Ice worm

Ice worms (also written as ice-worms or iceworms) are enchytraeid annelids of the genus Mesenchytraeus. The majority of the species in the genus are abundant in gravel beds or the banks of riverine habitats,[2][3] but the most well-known members of the genus are found in glacial ice. They include the only annelid worms known to spend their entire lives in glacial ice,[4] and some of the few metazoans to complete their entire life cycle at conditions below 0 °C (32 °F).[5]

Unknown species of ice worm
For methane ice worms, see Hesiocaeca methanicola.

Ice worm
Mesenchytraeus solifugus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Clitellata
Order: Haplotaxida
Family: Enchytraeidae
Genus: Mesenchytraeus
Eisen, 1878[1]
Type species
Mesenchytraeus primaevus
Eisen, 1878
Species

See text

The genus contains 77 species, including the North American glacier ice worm (Mesenchytraeus solifugus) and the Yosemite snow worm (Mesenchytraeus gelidus).[6][7][8]

Species

The genus contains 77 species. They are the following:[6][7][9]

  • Mesenchytraeus affinis Michaelsen, 1901
  • Mesenchytraeus altus Welch, 1917
  • Mesenchytraeus americanus Bell, 1942
  • Mesenchytraeus anisodiverticulus Shen, Chen & Xie, 2012
  • Mesenchytraeus antaeus Rota & Brinkhurst, 2000
  • Mesenchytraeus arcticus Bell, 1962
  • Mesenchytraeus argentatus Nurminen, 1973b
  • Mesenchytraeus armatus (Levinsen, 1884)
  • Mesenchytraeus armatus armatus (Levinsen, 1884)
  • Mesenchytraeus armatus kananaskis Dash, 1970
  • Mesenchytraeus asiaticus Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus atriaphorus Altman, 1936
  • Mesenchytraeus beringensis Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus beumeri (Michaelsen, 1886b)
  • Mesenchytraeus bungei Michaelsen, 1901
  • Mesenchytraeus cejkai Cernosvitov, 1937d
  • Mesenchytraeus celticus Southern, 1909
  • Mesenchytraeus chaunus Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
  • Mesenchytraeus chromophorus Altman, 1936
  • Mesenchytraeus crenobius Timm, 1994
  • Mesenchytraeus diplobulbosus Bell, 1949
  • Mesenchytraeus diverticulatus Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
  • Mesenchytraeus eastwoodi Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus eltoni Stephenson, 1925
  • Mesenchytraeus falciformis Eisen, 1878
  • Mesenchytraeus flavidus Michaelsen, 1887
  • Mesenchytraeus flavus (Levinsen, 1884)
  • Mesenchytraeus fontinalis Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus fontinalis fontinalis Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus fontinalis gracilis Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus franciscanus Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus fuscus Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus fuscus fuscus Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus fuscus inermis Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus gaudens Cognetti, 1903a
  • Mesenchytraeus gelidus Welch, 1916
  • Mesenchytraeus gigachaetus Xie, 2012
  • Mesenchytraeus glandulosus (Levinsen, 1884)
  • Mesenchytraeus grandis Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus grebnitzkyi Michaelsen, 1901
  • Mesenchytraeus groenlandicus Nielsen & Christensen, 1959
  • Mesenchytraeus hamiltoni Healy, 1996b
  • Mesenchytraeus harrimani Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus hydrius Welch, 1919a
  • Mesenchytraeus johanseni Welch, 1919b
  • Mesenchytraeus kincaidi Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus kontrimavichusi Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
  • Mesenchytraeus konyamensis Michaelsen, 1916
  • Mesenchytraeus kuehnelti Dózsa-Farkas, 1991a
  • Mesenchytraeus kuril Healy & Timm, 2000
  • Mesenchytraeus lusitanicus Collado, Martínez-Ansemil & Giani,1993
  • Mesenchytraeus macnabi Bell, 1942
  • Mesenchytraeus maculatus Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus magnus Altman, 1936
  • Mesenchytraeus melanocephalus Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 1999
  • Mesenchytraeus minimus Altman, 1936
  • Mesenchytraeus mirabilis Eisen, 1878
  • Mesenchytraeus monochaetus Bretscher, 1900
  • Mesenchytraeus monodiverticulus Shen, Chen & Xie, 2012
  • Mesenchytraeus monothecatus Bell, 1945
  • Mesenchytraeus multispinus (Grube, 1851)
  • Mesenchytraeus nanus Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus obscurus Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus ogloblini Černosvitov, 1928b
  • Mesenchytraeus orcae Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus pedatus Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus pelicensis Issel, 1905c
  • Mesenchytraeus penicillus Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus primaevus Eisen, 1878
  • Mesenchytraeus rhithralis Healy & Fend, 2002
  • Mesenchytraeus sanguineus Nielsen & Christensen, 1959
  • Mesenchytraeus setchelli Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus solifugus (Emery, 1898)
  • Mesenchytraeus straminicolus Rota, 1995
  • Mesenchytraeus sveni Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 1999
  • Mesenchytraeus svetae Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
  • Mesenchytraeus tetrapodus Timm, 1978
  • Mesenchytraeus torbeni Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 1999
  • Mesenchytraeus tundrus Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
  • Mesenchytraeus unalaskae Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus variabilis Cejka, 1914
  • Mesenchytraeus vegae Eisen, 1904
  • Mesenchytraeus viivi Timm, 1978
  • Mesenchytraeus vshivkovae Timm, 1994

Mesenchytraeus franzi is a junior synonym of Cognettia clarae.[6] Mesenchytraeus megachaetae Shen, Chen & Xie, 2011 has been renamed Mesenchytraeus gigachaetus Xie, 2012 due to the previous name being preoccupied by Mesenchytraeus megachaetae Bretscher, 1901, a junior synonym of Mesenchytraeus armatus.[7][10]

See also

References
  1. Kathryn A. Coates; Jan M. Locke; Brenda M. Healy; Mark J. Wetzel (August 26, 2008). "The aphanoneuran and clitellate Annelida occurring in the United States and Canada: families Enchytraeidae and Propappidae". University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
  2. Paula L. Hartzell & Daniel H. Shain (2009). "Glacier Ice Worms". In Daniel H. Shain (ed.). Annelids in Modern Biology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 305. ISBN 9780470455197.
  3. Brenda Healy & Steve Fend (2002). "The occurrence of Mesenchytraeus (Enchytraeidae: Oligochaeta) in riffle habitats of north-west American rivers, with description of a new species". Journal of Natural History. 36 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1080/713833842. S2CID 84290342.
  4. Shain, Daniel H.; Carter, Melissa R.; Murray, Kurt P.; Maleski, Karen A.; Smith, Nancy R.; McBride, Taresha R.; Michalewicz, Lisa A.; Saidel, William M. (2000). "Morphologic characterization of the ice worm Mesenchytraeus solifugus". Journal of Morphology. 246 (3): 192–7. doi:10.1002/1097-4687(200012)246:3<192::AID-JMOR3>3.0.CO;2-B. PMID 11077431.
  5. A.H. Farrell, K.A.Hohenstein, & D.H. Shain (2004). "Molecular adaptation in the ice worm, Mesenchytraeus solifugus: divergence of energetic-associated genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 59 (5): 666–673. Bibcode:2004JMolE..59..666F. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-2658-z. PMID 15693622. S2CID 22139929.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado (2012). "An updated checklist of currently accepted species of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta, Annelida)". VTI Agriculture and Forestry Research. 357: 67–87.
  7. Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado (2015). "Checklist of taxa of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta): an update" (PDF). Soil Organisms. 87 (2): 149–152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
  8. Qi Shen, Jing Chen, & Zhicai Xie (2012). "Mesenchytraeus monodiverticulus sp. nov. (Annelida: Cliterllata: Enchytraeidae) from Changbai Mountain, with a key to Mesenchytraeus with enlarged chaetae". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (3): 215–227. doi:10.2988/12-08.1. S2CID 84234028.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. Qi Shen, Jing Chen, & Zhicai Xie (2012). "Mesenchytraeus monodiverticulus sp. nov. (Annelida: Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) from Changbai Mountain, with a key to Mesenchytraeus with enlarged chaetae". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (3): 215–227. doi:10.2988/12-08.1. S2CID 84234028.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. Zhicai Xie (2012). "Mesenchytraeus gigachaetus, new name, a replacement name for Mesenchytraeus megachaetus Shen et al., 2011". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (1): 18. doi:10.2988/11-41.1. S2CID 86642220.
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