Hosea 13

Hosea 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Book of Hosea in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] The book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Hosea son of Beeri. This chapter and the next one may belong to the troubled times that followed Pekah's murder by Hoshea (cf. Hosea 13:11; 2 Kings 15:30). The subject is the idolatry of Ephraim, notwithstanding God's past benefits, destined to be his ruin.[3] It is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.[4][5]

Hosea 13
4Q166 "The Hosea Commentary Scroll", late first century B.C.
BookBook of Hosea
CategoryNevi'im
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part28

Text

The original text was written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 16 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[6]

Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including 4Q78 (4QXIIc; 75–50 BCE) with extant verses 3–10, 15–16 (verse 13:16 = 14:1 in Masoretic text);[7][8][9][10] and 4Q82 (4QXIIg; 25 BCE) with extant verses 1, 6–8?, 11–13.[8][11][12][13]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).[14][lower-alpha 1]

Verse 1
When Ephraim spake trembling, he exalted himself in Israel;
but when he offended in Baal, he died.[16]
  • "When Ephraim spake trembling, he exalted himself in Israel": This rendering is supported by the Syriac version: "When Ephraim spake trembling, then he was, and was great in Israel." Rashi has a similar rendering of the word retheth, which is not found elsewhere (hapax legomenon), referring it to Jeroboam of the tribe of Ephraim, Rashi explains as follows: "When Jeroboam, zealous for God, spoke against Solomon's hard words, and with terror, Solomon was a great king." Pococke's exposition, in harmony with the Authorized Version, is: "When Ephraim spake with fear and trembling (like his forefather Jacob, in his humble supplication to God), he exalted himself in Israel."[17] But the rendering adopted by most moderns, is decidedly preferable, as agreeing better with the context and with tribal characteristics of Ephraim.[17] The phrase can also be rendered as: "When Ephraim spake, there was trembling; he, even he, exalted himself in Israel."[17] The word reheth has a cognate root in Aramaic, with the meaning here assigned to it; for רתת is "to fear, shudder, tremble"; there is also, in Jeremiah 49:24, the word רֶטֶט, equivalent to "fear," similar in both sense and sound. The Chaldee supports this rendering; its paraphrase is: "When one of the house of Ephraim spake, trembling seized the peoples." Also Aben Ezra ("Before his speaking the peoples were afraid; and the word רתת has no analogue except in the Aramaic") and Kimchi ("From the beginning, before Ephraim sinned, the fear of him was great over the peoples who surrounded him; for when he spake, fear and trembling were wont to seize him who heard him; and he was great and strong among the tribes of Israel, as it was said of him, 'And his seed shall be a multitude of nations'").[17] The LXX renders reheth by δικαιώματα (dikaiomata), thus: "According to the word of Ephraim, be adopted ordinances for himself in Israel," that is, "when Ephraim spoke, the rest of the Israelites assented to his ordinances and rights, reverencing his authority", so that the general sense differs little from the Chaldee.[17] Rosenmüller constructs and explains differently; his exposition runs somehow thus: "When Ephraim spake, instituting that horrible worship of the calves, he himself bore the sin of that horrible dictum, i.e. was guilty of, and bore its punishment." This explanation of נשא is farfetched and unnatural. We have no hesitation in preferring "lifted up," i.e. his head, or exalted himself, for, though it is usually the Hithp. that is employed in this sense, examples also occur in which Qal is so used, for example Psalm 89:10 and Nahum 1:5. Kimchi supplies rosho.[17]
  • "Offended in Baal": that is, "in respect to Baal, by worshipping him" (1 Kings 16:31), under Ahab; a more heinous offense than even the calves. Therefore, it is at this climax of guilt that Ephraim "died." Sin has, in the sight of God, within itself the germ of death, though that death may not visibly take effect till long after. Compare Romans 7:9, "Sin revived, and I died." So Adam in the day of his sin was to die, though the sentence was not visibly executed till long after (Genesis 2:17; 5:5). Israel is similarly represented as politically dead in Eze 37:1-28. Ephraim was the tribe most powerful among the twelve in Israel's early history; it's glory vanisheth by reason of idolatry.[3]

Verse 4
Yet I am the Lord thy God from the land of Egypt,
and thou shalt know no god but me:
for there is no saviour beside me.[18]
  • "And thou shalt - (i. e., oughtest to) know no God but Me": for (literally, and) there is not a Saviour but me "To be God and Lord and Saviour are incommunicable properties of God. Wherefore God often claimed these titles to Himself, from the time He revealed Himself to Israel. In the song of Moses, which they were commanded to rehearse, He says, "See now that I, I am He, and there is no God with Me: I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal; neither is there any that can deliver out of My hand" Deuteronomy 32:39. Isaiah repeats this same, "Is there a God besides Me? yea there is no God; I know not any" Isaiah 44:8; and "There is no God else besides Me, a just God and a Saviour; there is none else. Look unto Me and be ye saved, for I am God and there is none else" Isaiah 45:21, Isaiah 45:2; and, "I am the Lord, that is My Name; and My glory will I not give to another; neither My praise to graven images" Isaiah 42:8. : "That God and Saviour is Christ; God, because He created; Saviour, because, being made Man, He saved. Whence He willed to be called Jesus, i. e., Saviour. Truly "beside" Him, "there is no Saviour; neither is there salvation in any other, for there is none other name under heaven, given among men, whereby we must be saved" Acts 4:12. "It is not enough to recognize in God this quality of a Saviour. It must not be shared with "any other." Whoso associates with God any power whatever to decide on man's salvation makes an idol, and introduces a new God."[19]

Verse 9
O Israel, thou hast destroyed thyself;
but in me is thine help.[20]
  • "O Israel, thou hast destroyed thyself": Though the Lord was a lion, a leopard, and a bear to them, yet their destruction was not owing to him, but to themselves; he was not chargeable with it, but they only; the fault and blame was theirs; their own sins brought it on them, and provoked him to such righteous wrath and vengeance before expressed: this is said to clear the Lord from any imputation of this kind, and to lay it where it should be It may be rendered, "it hath destroyed thee";[21] either the calf, as Kimchi, and the worshipping of that, their idolatry; or their king, as others, taking it from the following verse by way of anticipation; or rather it may refer to all their sins before observed, their idolatry, luxury, and ingratitude. Gussetius[22] thinks the word has the signification of "burning", as in Isaiah 3:24; and renders it, "burning in me hath destroyed thee, even in him who is thy help"; that is, by their sins they had made God their enemy, who is a consuming fire, and whose burning wrath destroyed them, in whom otherwise they would have had help.[23]

Verse 14
I will ransom them from the power of the grave;
I will redeem them from death:
O death, I will be thy plagues;
O grave, I will be thy destruction:
repentance shall be hid from mine eyes.[24]

Verse 15
Though he be fruitful among his brethren,
an east wind shall come,
the wind of the Lord shall come up from the wilderness,
and his spring shall become dry,
and his fountain shall be dried up:
he shall spoil the treasure of all pleasant vessels.[25]

Verse 16
Samaria shall become desolate;
for she hath rebelled against her God:
they shall fall by the sword:
their infants shall be dashed in pieces,
and their women with child shall be ripped up.[26]
  • Numbered as Hosea 14:1 in Masoretic text

In the 1611 King James Version[27] Hosea 13 has sixteen verses, followed by Hosea 14 with nine. This also happens in modern English translations of the Bible.[28]

The current Roman Catholic translations of the Bible[29] place Hosea 13:16 as the beginning of chapter 14, which has a total number of ten verses.

See also

Notes
  1. Book of Hosea is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[15]

References
  1. Halley, Henry H. Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary. 24th edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1965. p. 356
  2. Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
  3. Robert Jamieson, Andrew Robert Fausset; David Brown. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary On the Whole Bible. 1871. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. Metzger, Bruce M., et al. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  5. Keck, Leander E. 1996. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume: VII. Nashville: Abingdon.
  6. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35-37.
  7. Ulrich 2010, p. 597.
  8. Dead sea scrolls - Hosea
  9. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 38.
  10. 4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  11. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
  12. Ulrich 2010, pp. 596–597.
  13. 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  14. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  15. Shepherd, Michael (2018). A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets. Kregel Exegetical Library. Kregel Academic. p. 13. ISBN 978-0825444593.
  16. Hosea 13:1 KJV
  17. Joseph S. Exell; Henry Donald Maurice Spence-Jones (Editors). The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  18. Hosea 13:4
  19. Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Old Testament. London, Blackie & Son, 1884. Reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  20. Hosea 13:9
  21. "perdidit te", Vatablus, Calvin, Junius & Tremellius, Piscator, Zanchius, De Dieu, Rivet; "corrupit te", Cocceius.
  22. Gussetius. Comment, Ebr. p. 367.
  23. John Gill. John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible. Exposition of the Old and New Testament. Published in 1746-1763. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  24. Hosea 13:14
  25. Hosea 13:15
  26. Hosea 13:16
  27. !611 King James Bible - HOsea 14. kingjamesbibleonline.org. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019.
  28. "biblehub.com". Archived from the original on April 26, 2014.
  29. "New American Bible". vatican.va. Archived from the original on December 23, 2003.

Sources

Jewish

Christian
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